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The latest COVID booster will soon be available. Should I get one? Am I eligible?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nathan-bartlett-1198187">Nathan Bartlett</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a></em></p> <p>Australia’s <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-regulatory-status">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> (TGA) has recently approved a new COVID booster. The shot was developed by Pfizer and targets <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/what-to-know-about-the-new-covid-19-vaccine-approved-in-australia/z7ev2u8qn">the JN.1 sub-variant</a> of Omicron.</p> <p>This is now <a href="https://theconversation.com/new-covid-vaccines-may-be-coming-to-australia-heres-what-to-know-about-the-jn-1-shots-237652">the fifth iteration</a> of the COVID vaccines, which have been updated regularly to keep up with the rapidly evolving virus, SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p>But nearly five years into the pandemic, you may be wondering, why do we need yet another type of COVID booster? And do we still need to be getting boosters at all? Here’s what to consider.</p> <h2>Targeting the spike protein</h2> <p>Pfizer’s JN.1 booster (and Moderna’s, though the TGA has <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-regulatory-status">not approved</a> this one at this stage) is based on mRNA technology. This technology instructs our cells to produce a specific protein – in this case SARS-CoV-2’s spike, a protein on the surface of the virus that allows it to attach to our cells.</p> <p>This helps the immune system produce antibodies that recognise the spike protein and interfere with the virus getting into our cells.</p> <p>In response to our strengthened immune responses from vaccinations and previous infections (called immune pressure), SARS-CoV-2 has continued to evolve over the course of the pandemic, modifying the shape of its spike protein so our antibodies become less effective.</p> <p>Most recently we’ve faced a soup of Omicron sub-variants, including JN.1. Since JN.1 was first detected <a href="https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/seven-things-you-need-know-about-jn1-covid-19-variant">in August 2023</a>, this Omicron sub-variant has spawned a variety of further sub-variants, such as KP.2 (known as FLiRT), KP.3 (<a href="https://theconversation.com/from-flirt-to-fluqe-what-to-know-about-the-latest-covid-variants-on-the-rise-234073">known as FLuQE</a>) and <a href="https://theconversation.com/xec-is-now-in-australia-heres-what-we-know-about-this-hybrid-covid-variant-239292">XEC</a>.</p> <p>The spike protein is made up of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41401-020-0485-4">1,273 amino acids</a>, a bit like molecular building blocks. Mutations to <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228128/full">the spike protein</a> change individual amino acids.</p> <p>Certain amino acids are important for allowing neutralising antibodies to bind to the spike protein. This means changes can give the virus an edge over earlier variants, helping it evade our immune response.</p> <p>Scientists keep updating the COVID vaccines in an effort to keep up with these changes. The better matched the vaccine “spike” is to the spike protein on the surface of the virus trying to infect you, the better protection you’re likely to get.</p> <h2>So who should get vaccinated, and when?</h2> <p>Updating vaccines to deal with mutating viruses is not a new concept. It has been happening for the flu vaccine since <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/history-of-influenza-vaccination">around 1950</a>.</p> <p>We’ve become accustomed to getting the annual flu vaccine in the lead-up to the winter cold and flu season. But, unlike influenza, COVID has not settled into this annual seasonal cycle. The frequency of COVID waves of infection has been fluctuating, with new waves emerging periodically.</p> <p>COVID is also <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/29/8/taac108/6731971">more transmissible</a> than the flu, which presents another challenge. While numbers vary, a conservative estimate of the reproduction number (R0 – how many people will one person will go on to infect) for JN.1 is 5. Compare this to seasonal flu with an R0 of <a href="https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480">about 1.3</a>. In other words, COVID could be four times more transmissible than flu.</p> <p>Add to this immunity from a COVID vaccination (or a previous infection) <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00124-y">begins to wane</a> in the months afterwards.</p> <p>So an annual COVID booster is not considered enough for some more vulnerable people.</p> <p><iframe id="gOYwk" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/gOYwk/2/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <p>For adults <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/covid-19-vaccines/getting-your-vaccination">aged 65 to 74</a>, a booster is recommended every 12 months, but they’re eligible every six months. For adults over 75, a shot is recommended every six months.</p> <p>Adults aged 18 to 64 are eligible every 12 months, unless they have a severe immune deficiency. Many conditions can cause immunodeficiency, including genetic disorders, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, diabetes and lung disease, as well as having received an organ transplant. For this group, it’s recommended they receive a shot every 12 months, but they’re eligible every six.</p> <h2>Making sense of the advice</h2> <p>A vaccine that targets JN.1 should provide good protection against the Omicron sub-variants likely to be circulating in the coming months.</p> <p>A few things need to happen before the JN.1 shots become available, such as the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation providing guidance to the government. But we can reasonably expect they might be rolled out <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/what-to-know-about-the-new-covid-19-vaccine-approved-in-australia/z7ev2u8qn">within the next month or so</a>.</p> <p>If they hit doctors’ offices and pharmacies before Christmas and you’re due for a booster, the holiday period might be added impetus to go and get one, especially if you’re planning to attend lots of family and social gatherings over summer.</p> <p>In the meantime, the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-are-the-new-covid-booster-vaccines-can-i-get-one-do-they-work-are-they-safe-217804">XBB.1.5 vaccines</a> remain available. Although they’re targeted at an earlier Omicron sub-variant, they should still offer some protection.</p> <p>While young, healthy people might like to wait for the updated boosters, for those who are vulnerable and due for a vaccination, whether or not to hold out may be something to weigh up with your doctor.</p> <p>The advice on COVID boosters in Australia, with stronger wording (“recommended” versus “eligible”) used for more vulnerable groups, reflects what we know about COVID. People <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/49/6/901/5862042">who are older</a> and medically vulnerable are more likely to become very unwell with the virus.</p> <p>For young, healthy people who may be wondering, “do I need a COVID booster at all?”, having one annually is sensible. Although you’re less likely to get very sick from COVID, it’s possible. And, importantly, vaccines also reduce the risk of <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(24)00082-1/fulltext">developing long COVID</a>.</p> <p>While COVID vaccines do a very good job of protecting against severe disease, they don’t necessarily stop you becoming infected. Evidence on whether they reduce transmission <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116597">has been mixed</a>, and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38820077/">changed over time</a>.</p> <p>We’ve come to appreciate that vaccination is not going to free us of COVID. But it’s still our best defence against severe illness.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/239594/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nathan-bartlett-1198187"><em>Nathan Bartlett</em></a><em>, Professor, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-latest-covid-booster-will-soon-be-available-should-i-get-one-am-i-eligible-239594">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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COVID is surging in Australia – and only 1 in 5 older adults are up to date with their boosters

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adrian-esterman-1022994">Adrian Esterman</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p>Do you have family members or friends sick with a respiratory infection? If so, there’s a good chance it’s COVID, caused by the JN.1 variant currently circulating in Australia.</p> <p>In particular, New South Wales is reportedly experiencing its <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-09/nsw-sydney-covid-variant-virus-pandemic-hospitalisations/103298610">highest levels</a> of COVID infections in a year, while Victoria is said to be facing a “<a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/victoria-in-midst-of-double-wave-of-covid19--as-jn1-triggers-infections-surge/4dada2cb-7d56-436a-9490-cad1d908a29a">double wave</a>” after a surge late last year.</p> <p>But nearly four years into the pandemic, data collection is less comprehensive than it was, and of course, fewer people are testing. So what do we know about the extent of this wave? And importantly, are we adequately protected?</p> <h2>Difficulties with data</h2> <p>Tracking COVID numbers was easier in the first half of last year, when each state and territory provided a weekly update, giving us data on case notifications, hospitalisations, ICU numbers and deaths.</p> <p>In the second half of the year some states and territories switched to less frequent reporting while others stopped their regular updates. As a result, different jurisdictions now report at different intervals and provide varying statistics.</p> <p>For example, <a href="https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/victorian-covid-19-surveillance-report">Victoria</a> still provides weekly reports, while NSW publishes <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/covid-19/Documents/respiratory-surveillance-20240106.pdf">fortnightly updates</a>.</p> <p>While each offer different metrics, we can gather – particularly from data on hospitalisations – that both states are experiencing a wave. We’re also seeing high levels of COVID <a href="https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/victorian-covid-19-surveillance-report">in wastewater</a>.</p> <p>Meanwhile, <a href="https://health.nt.gov.au/covid-19/data">Northern Territory Health</a> simply tell you to go to the Australian government’s Department of Health website for COVID data. This houses the only national COVID <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/reporting?language=und">data collection</a>. Unfortunately, it’s not up to date, difficult to use, and, depending on the statistic, often provides no state and territory breakdowns.</p> <p>Actual case notifications are provided on a separate <a href="https://nindss.health.gov.au/pbi-dashboard/">website</a>, although given the lack of testing, these are likely to be highly inaccurate.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/covid-19/reporting?language=und">Department of Health website</a> does provide some other data that gives us clues as to what’s happening. For example, as of one month ago, there were 317 active outbreaks of COVID in aged care homes. This figure has been generally rising since September.</p> <p>Monthly prescriptions for antivirals on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme were increasing rapidly in November, but we are not given more recent data on this.</p> <p>It’s also difficult to obtain information about currently circulating strains. Data expert Mike Honey provides a regularly updated <a href="https://github.com/Mike-Honey/covid-19-genomes?tab=readme-ov-file#readme">snapshot</a> for Australia based on data from GISAID (the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) that shows JN.1 rising in prevalence and accounting for about 40% of samples two weeks ago. The proportion is presumably higher now.</p> <h2>What’s happening elsewhere?</h2> <p>Many other countries are currently going through a COVID wave, probably driven to a large extent by JN.1. These include <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/506301/covid-19-complacency-waning-immunity-contribute-to-fifth-wave-epidemiologist">New Zealand</a>, <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/facemasks-mandatory-spain-hospitals-b2475563.html">Spain, Greece</a> and the United States.</p> <p>According to cardiologist and scientist Eric Topol, the US is currently experiencing its <a href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-01-04/covid-2024-flu-virus-vaccine">second biggest wave</a> since the start of the pandemic, linked to JN.1.</p> <h2>Are vaccines still effective?</h2> <p>It’s expected the current COVID vaccines, which target the omicron variant XBB.1.5, are still <a href="https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/seven-things-you-need-know-about-jn1-covid-19-variant">effective</a> at reducing hospitalisations and deaths from JN.1 (also an omicron offshoot).</p> <p>The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) updated their <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-update-on-the-covid-19-vaccination-program">advice</a> on booster shots in September last year. They recommended adults aged over 75 should receive an additional COVID vaccine dose in 2023 if six months had passed since their last dose.</p> <p>They also suggest all adults aged 65 to 74 (plus adults of any age who are severely immunocompromised) should consider getting an updated booster. They say younger people or older adults who are not severely immunocompromised and have already had a dose in 2023 don’t need further doses.</p> <p>This advice is very confusing. For example, although ATAGI does not recommend additional booster shots for younger age groups, does this mean they’re not allowed to have one?</p> <p>In any case, as of <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-update-8-december-2023?language=en">December 6</a>, only 19% of people aged 65 and over had received a booster shot in the last six months. For those aged 75 and over, this figure is 23%. Where is the messaging to these at-risk groups explaining why updating their boosters is so important?</p> <h2>Should we be concerned by this wave?</h2> <p>That depends on who we mean by “we”. For those who are vulnerable, absolutely. Mainly because so few have received an updated booster shot and very few people, including the elderly, are wearing masks.</p> <p>For the majority of people, a COVID infection is unlikely to be serious. The biggest concern for younger people is the risk of long COVID, which research suggests <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02051-3">increases</a> with each reinfection.</p> <h2>What should we expect in 2024?</h2> <p>It’s highly likely we will see repeated waves of infections over the next 12 months and beyond, mainly caused by waning immunity from previous infection, vaccination or both, and new subvariants.</p> <p>Unless a new subvariant causes more severe disease (and at this stage, there’s no evidence JN.1 does), we should be able to manage quite well, without our hospitals becoming overwhelmed. However, we should be doing more to protect our vulnerable population. Having only one in five older people up to date with a booster and more than 300 outbreaks in aged care homes is not acceptable.</p> <p>For those who are vulnerable, the usual advice applies. Make sure you’re up to date with your booster shots, wear a P2/N95 mask when out and about, and if you do get infected, take antivirals as soon as possible.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/220839/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adrian-esterman-1022994"><em>Adrian Esterman</em></a><em>, Professor of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/covid-is-surging-in-australia-and-only-1-in-5-older-adults-are-up-to-date-with-their-boosters-220839">original article</a>.</em></p>

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What are the new COVID booster vaccines? Can I get one? Do they work? Are they safe?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paul-griffin-1129798">Paul Griffin</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p>As the COVID virus continues to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36680207/">evolve</a>, so does our vaccine response. From <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/new-covid-19-vaccines-available-to-target-current-variants?language=en">December 11</a>, Australians will have access to <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-recommendations-on-use-of-the-moderna-and-pfizer-monovalent-omicron-xbb15-covid-19-vaccines?language=en">new vaccines</a> that offer better protection.</p> <p>These “monovalent” booster vaccines are expected to be a <a href="https://theconversation.com/cdc-greenlights-two-updated-covid-19-vaccines-but-how-will-they-fare-against-the-latest-variants-5-questions-answered-213341">better match</a> for currently circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID.</p> <p>Pfizer’s monovalent vaccine will be <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/new-covid-19-vaccines-available-to-target-current-variants?language=en">available</a> to eligible people aged five years and older. The Moderna monovalent vaccine can be used for those aged 12 years and older.</p> <p>Who is eligible for these new boosters? How do they differ from earlier ones? Do they work? Are they safe?</p> <h2>Who’s eligible for the new boosters?</h2> <p>The federal government has accepted the Australian Technical Advisory Group (ATAGI) recommendation to use the new vaccines, after Australia’s regulator <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-regulatory-status">approved their use last month</a>. However, vaccine eligibility has remained the same since September.</p> <p>ATAGI <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-recommendations-on-use-of-the-moderna-and-pfizer-monovalent-omicron-xbb15-covid-19-vaccines?language=en">recommends</a> Australians aged over 75 get vaccinated if it has been six months or more since their last dose.</p> <p>People aged 65 to 74 are recommended to have a 2023 booster if they haven’t already had one.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=315&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=315&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=315&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560533/original/file-20231120-21-4igdnx.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">For people without risk factors.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/atagi-recommended-covid-19-vaccine-doses.pdf">Health.gov.au</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Adults aged 18 to 64 <em>with</em> underlying risk factors that increase their risk of severe COVID are also recommended to have a 2023 booster if they haven’t had one yet. And if they’ve already had a 2023 booster, they can consider an additional dose.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=311&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=311&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=311&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=391&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=391&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/560532/original/file-20231120-26-70jfyr.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=391&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Advice for people with risk factors.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/atagi-recommended-covid-19-vaccine-doses.pdf">Health.gov.au</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>For adults aged 18 to 64 <em>without</em> underlying risk factors who have already received a 2023 booster, an additional dose isn’t recommended. But if you’re aged 18 to 64 and haven’t had a booster in 2023, you can consider an additional dose.</p> <p>Additional doses aren’t recommended for children <em>without</em> underlying conditions that increase their risk of severe COVID. A primary course is not recommended for children aged six months to five years <em>without</em> additional risk factors.</p> <h2>Monovalent, bivalent? What’s the difference?</h2> <p><strong>From monovalent</strong></p> <p>The initial COVID vaccines were “monovalent”. They had one target – the original viral strain.</p> <p>But as the virus mutated, we assigned new letters of the Greek alphabet to each variant. This brings us to Omicron. With this significant change, we saw “immune evasion”. The virus had changed so much the original vaccines didn’t provide sufficient immunity.</p> <p><strong>To bivalent</strong></p> <p>So vaccines were updated to target an early Omicron subvariant, BA.1, plus the original ancestral strain. With two targets, these were the first of the “bivalent” vaccines, which were approved in Australia <a href="https://theconversation.com/omicron-specific-vaccines-may-give-slightly-better-covid-protection-but-getting-boosted-promptly-is-the-best-bet-190736">in 2022</a>.</p> <p>Omicron continued to evolve, leading to more “immune escape”, contributing to repeated waves of transmission.</p> <p>The vaccines were updated again in <a href="https://theconversation.com/havent-had-covid-or-a-vaccine-dose-in-the-past-six-months-consider-getting-a-booster-199096">early 2023</a>. These newer bivalent vaccines target two strains – the ancestral strain plus the subvariants BA.4 and BA.5.</p> <p><strong>Back to monovalent</strong></p> <p>Further changes in the virus have meant our boosters needed to be updated again. This takes us to the recent announcement.</p> <p>This time the booster targets another subvariant of Omicron known as XBB.1.5 (sometimes known as <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-kraken-subvariant-xbb-1-5-sounds-scary-but-behind-the-headlines-are-clues-to-where-covids-heading-198158">Kraken</a>).</p> <p>This vaccine is monovalent once more, meaning it has only one target. The target against the original viral strain has been removed.</p> <p>According to advice given to the World Health Organization <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/18-05-2023-statement-on-the-antigen-composition-of-covid-19-vaccines">in May</a>, this is largely because immunity to this original strain is no longer required (it’s no longer infecting humans). Raising immunity to the original strain may also hamper the immune response to the newer component, but we’re not sure if this is occurring or how important this is.</p> <p>The United States <a href="https://theconversation.com/cdc-greenlights-two-updated-covid-19-vaccines-but-how-will-they-fare-against-the-latest-variants-5-questions-answered-213341">approved</a> XBB.1.5-specific vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna in <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating">mid-September</a>. These updated vaccines have also been <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/auspar-spikevax-xbb.1.5-231012.pdf">approved in</a> places including Europe, Canada, Japan and Singapore.</p> <p>In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved them <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-regulatory-status">in October</a>.</p> <h2>Do these newer vaccines work?</h2> <p>Evidence for the efficacy of these new monovalent vaccines comes from the results of research <a href="https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent=&amp;id=CP-2023-PI-02409-1&amp;d=20231117172310101">Pfizer</a> and <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspar/auspar-spikevax-xbb15">Moderna</a> submitted to the TGA.</p> <p>Evidence also comes from a <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.23293434v2">preprint</a> (preliminary research available online that has yet to be independently reviewed) and an update Pfizer <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2023-09-12/10-COVID-Modjarrad-508.pdf">presented</a> to the US Centers for Disease Control.</p> <p>Taken together, the available evidence shows the updated vaccines produce good levels of antibodies in <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspar/auspar-spikevax-xbb15">laboratory studies</a>, <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.23293434v2">in humans</a> and <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/auspar/auspar-spikevax-xbb15">mice</a> when compared to previous vaccines and when looking at multiple emerging variants, including EG.5 (sometimes known as <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-who-has-declared-eris-a-variant-of-interest-how-is-it-different-from-other-omicron-variants-211276">Eris</a>). This variant is the one causing high numbers of cases around the world currently, including in Australia. It is very similar to the XBB version contained in the updated booster.</p> <p>The updated vaccines should also cover <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-evasive-and-transmissible-is-the-newest-omicron-offshoot-ba-2-86-that-causes-covid-19-4-questions-answered-212453">BA.2.86 or Pirola</a>, according to <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-10/auspar-spikevax-xbb.1.5-231012.pdf">early results</a> from clinical trials and the US <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/whats-new/covid-19-variant.html">Centers for Disease Control</a>. This variant is responsible for a rapidly increasing proportion of cases, with case numbers growing <a href="https://twitter.com/BigBadDenis/status/1725310295596560662?s=19">in Australia</a>.</p> <p>It’s clear the virus is going to continue to evolve. So performance of these vaccines against new variants will continue to be closely monitored.</p> <h2>Are they safe?</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent=&amp;id=CP-2023-PI-02409-1&amp;d=20231117172310101">safety</a> of the updated vaccines has also been shown to be similar to previous versions. Studies <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.08.22.23293434v2">comparing them</a> found no significant difference in terms of the adverse events reported.</p> <p>Given the availability of the updated vaccines, some countries have removed their approval for earlier versions. This is because newer versions are a closer match to currently circulating strains, rather than any safety issue with the older vaccines.</p> <h2>What happens next?</h2> <p>The availability of updated vaccines is a welcome development, however this is not the end of the story. We need to make sure eligible people get vaccinated.</p> <p>We also need to acknowledge that vaccination should form part of a comprehensive strategy to limit the impact of COVID from now on. That includes measures such as mask wearing, social distancing, focusing on ventilation and air quality, and to a lesser degree hand hygiene. Rapidly accessing antivirals if eligible is also still important, as is keeping away from others if you are infected.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/217804/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/paul-griffin-1129798"><em>Paul Griffin</em></a><em>, Professor, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-are-the-new-covid-booster-vaccines-can-i-get-one-do-they-work-are-they-safe-217804">original article</a>.</em></p>

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A COVID inquiry has been announced. But is COVID still a thing? Do I need a booster?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-toole-18259">Michael Toole</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/heidi-drummer-1472642">Heidi Drummer</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/suman-majumdar-117988">Suman Majumdar</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a></em></p> <p>Thursday’s <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-21/inquiry-to-be-announced-into-aus-government-covid-19-response/102882616">announcement</a> <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/improving-future-preparedness-inquiry-response-covid-19-pandemic">of an independent inquiry</a> into Australia’s COVID response will examine how we’ve handled the pandemic and how we could better prepare for the next one.</p> <p>But the pandemic is not just a once-in-a-lifetime event that’s over and needs to be analysed. It’s still with us.</p> <p>The Omicron variant <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-evasive-and-transmissible-is-the-newest-omicron-offshoot-ba-2-86-that-causes-covid-19-4-questions-answered-212453">continues to mutate</a> and <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-21/new-covid-strain-variant-pirola-ba-2-86-in-australia-symptoms/102873304">new sub-variants</a> emerge. For instance, the highly-mutated BA.2.86 (known as Pirola) has just been <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-21/new-covid-strain-variant-pirola-ba-2-86-in-australia-symptoms/102873304">detected</a> in Australia.</p> <p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID, then becomes more adept at evading immunity from infections and vaccines.</p> <p>COVID is not yet predictably seasonal and we expect waves every three to six months. The United States has seen a <a href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_weeklyhospitaladmissions_select_00">threefold increase</a> in hospitalisations since mid-July due to waning immunity and the <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-who-has-declared-eris-a-variant-of-interest-how-is-it-different-from-other-omicron-variants-211276">EG.5 sub-variant</a> (known as Eris).</p> <p>The United Kingdom has also seen a <a href="https://twitter.com/DrEricDing/status/1702790082749448202?t=FLc5f9FoMS6ksioFS8ATpA&amp;s=09">significant increase</a> in adult and child hospitalisations due to COVID in the past month.</p> <p>In Australia, more than <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/australia/">5,000 people</a> have died due to COVID so far this year. Excess deaths from any cause are <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/causes-death/provisional-mortality-statistics/latest-release">13% higher</a> than expected. We expect many of these are related to COVID.</p> <p>The median age of COVID deaths is <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/covid-19-mortality-australia-deaths-registered-until-31-july-2023">around 85 years old</a> in Australia. But there were 267 reported deaths in people under 50 until the end of July 2023; some may have had weaker immune systems.</p> <p>The impacts of <a href="https://www.aph.gov.au/longandrepeatedcovid">long COVID and re-infections</a> are significant, which <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-20/younger-active-female-data-reveals-long-covid-profile/101251352">one study shows</a> mainly affects people of working age and most commonly women.</p> <h2>I’ve had a booster. Does that still protect me?</h2> <p>We know immunity from COVID vaccines wanes over time. In a paper published in May, a <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2804451?utm_source=For_The_Media&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=ftm_links&amp;utm_term=050323">systematic review</a> of 40 studies showed by how much. Protection by the first two doses of the vaccine (known as the primary series) against symptomatic infection from Omicron waned from almost 53% one month after the second dose to just over 14% after six months.</p> <p>The same review found a booster (third or fourth dose) increased protective immunity to the same levels as the primary series. However, that immunity waned to just 30% nine months later.</p> <p>A number of studies have shown protection against severe disease and death from the Omicron variant also wanes over time. For example, <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00365-1/fulltext#seccestitle10">a UK study</a> found a primary series plus a bivalent booster (targets two strains) provided 53% protection against hospitalisation four weeks after the booster among people aged 50 or over. Protection dropped to 36% at ten weeks.</p> <p>An <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4445191">Australian study</a>, yet to be independently verified by other researchers, suggests protection against death from COVID also wanes. Of 3.8 million adults over 65 years, protection of a third dose booster against death from COVID waned from an estimated 93% within three months to 56% after six months.</p> <p>So we believe a reasonable interpetation of the above data is to recommend a booster every six months in people aged 75 and older, and younger people with impaired immune systems.</p> <p>But in Australia, just over <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-09/covid-19-vaccine-rollout-update-15-september-2023.pdf">50%</a> of people aged 75 or older have received a booster in the past six months; only about 38% of people aged 65-74 and about 9% in those aged 18-64 years.</p> <h2>I’ve had COVID recently. Surely that’s enough</h2> <p>There is a widespread perception that if you’ve been infected with COVID and have had the primary series of the vaccine then you’re immune and, therefore, don’t need to get a booster. This is commonly described as having “hybrid immunity”.</p> <p>However, a very <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)02465-5/fulltext">large study</a> across 19 countries found infection conferred different levels of immunity, depending on the variant. While infection with COVID effectively protected against reinfection by the original, Alpha, Beta and Delta variants, this was much less effective against the Omicron BA.1 variant. Since BA.1, there have been many new sub-variants that are even more adept at evading immunity.</p> <h2>Who can get a booster?</h2> <p>Earlier this month, the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/news/atagi-update-on-the-covid-19-vaccination-program">recommended</a> all adults aged 75 or older “should receive” an additional dose of the bivalent vaccine if six months have passed since their last dose. Additionally, people aged 65-74 and immunocompromised younger adults should “consider” an additional dose.</p> <p>ATAGI argues that the baseline risk of severe illness in people under 65 is low if they have already been vaccinated, and particularly if they have also been infected. So, a further 2023 dose for this group would offer little additional benefit, even if it has been more than six months since their last dose.</p> <p>The US has taken a different approach. Last week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2023/p0912-COVID-19-Vaccine.html">recommended</a> all people over six months who have not received a COVID vaccine in the previous two months should get a dose of the newly approved monovalent (single strain) vaccines. These have been developed by Pfizer and Moderna to specifically <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating">target the XBB.1.5</a> sub-variant of Omicron. <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2023/09/health-canada-authorizes-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-targeting-the-omicron-xbb15-subvariant.html">Health Canada</a> has adopted similar recommendations.</p> <p>These new monovalent vaccines are expected <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/should-i-get-covid-19-booster">to be effective</a> in preventing infection by recently emerging Omicron sub-variants, such as EG.5 and FL.1.51 derived from the XBB.1.5 sub-variant, and the newer highly mutated <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-variant-risk-assessments/risk-assessment-for-sars-cov-2-variant-v-23aug-01-or-ba286">BA.2.86</a>, which arose from an earlier sub-variant and is a significant evolutionary leap.</p> <p>While Canada and the US move into the northern hemisphere winter, Australians should not believe they are at lower risk during the summer. After all, <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/australia/">two large COVID waves</a> in Australia were in the summers of 2021/22 and 2022/23.</p> <p>Monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccines are not yet available in Australia, but are being evaluated by the <a href="https://www.tga.gov.au/products/covid-19/covid-19-vaccines/covid-19-vaccines-regulatory-status">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a>. So, in the future, Australia’s advice about who’s eligible for a booster, and which type of booster, may change.</p> <h2>So, how do I decide if I need a booster now?</h2> <p>There is evidence in Australia of <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-21/new-covid-strain-variant-pirola-ba-2-86-in-australia-symptoms/102873304">growth of</a> the newer subvariants, including the detection of BA.2.86. So all Australians aged 75 and over who have not had a booster in the past six months should immediately have the currently available bivalent vaccine.</p> <p>Younger age groups may wait until further ATAGI advice about the new monovalent vaccines.</p> <h2>COVID is not over</h2> <p>While there is no need for alarm, Australians need to be aware of the ongoing significant impacts of COVID. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is still a formidable foe as it continues to mutate.</p> <p>COVID vaccines will be <a href="https://www.pm.gov.au/media/improving-future-preparedness-inquiry-response-covid-19-pandemic">among the topics</a> the newly announced inquiry will investigate.</p> <p>But we cannot rely on vaccines alone. Avoiding (re)infection is also vital. Breathe <a href="https://www.coronavirus.vic.gov.au/ventilation">clean indoor air</a>, wear <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/types-of-masks.html">high quality masks</a> and get tested so you can access <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/health-alerts/covid-19/treatments/eligibility">antivirals</a> if eligible.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/213469/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-toole-18259"><em>Michael Toole</em></a><em>, Associate Principal Research Fellow, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/heidi-drummer-1472642">Heidi Drummer</a>, Professor and Co-Program Director, Disease Elimination, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/suman-majumdar-117988">Suman Majumdar</a>, Associate Professor and Chief Health Officer - COVID and Health Emergencies, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/burnet-institute-992">Burnet Institute</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-covid-inquiry-has-been-announced-but-is-covid-still-a-thing-do-i-need-a-booster-213469">original article</a>.</em></p>

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“Done with the vaccine”: Karl Stefanovic blasts fifth booster

<p>Karl Stefanovic has once again sparked controversy after declaring he is “done with the vaccine.”</p> <p>Karl shocked viewers after expressing concerns that the jab could cause “heart issues” as the Australian Technical Advisory Group (ATAGI) updated its vaccine recommendations. </p> <p>According to the ATAGI, as of February 20, anyone aged 18 and over who has not had the COVID vaccine or has not contracted the virus in the past six months will be eligible to get another shot - opening up a fourth dose for Aussies aged 19-29 and a fifth dose for those 65 and over. </p> <p>“As you know, I am not a glowing ambassador for more than two shots,” Stefanovic said.</p> <p>The Today show host then questioned whether another dose would be able to fight new strains of the virus, stating he is aware of people “over the age of 60 who are still incredibly nervous about getting it."</p> <p>“The other thing that I am concerned about, if I have another dose, is that I may get complications,” he said. </p> <p>The host’s guest, medical expert Dr Nick Coatsway insisted Australians aged 60 and over “needn’t be” scared of the jab but added that the conceded boosters are only a temporary solution.</p> <p>“Let’s understand the science, if you get a fifth dose your protection is enhanced for around about 8-12 weeks and then it returns after the fourth dose or the third dose,” Dr Coatsworth said.</p> <p>The ATAGI has again emphasised the importance of Aussies who are already eligible, including people over 65, to get their booster in 2023 as they remain at high risk of severe disease and death from COVID. </p> <p>Currently, there is no additional booster available to those 18 and below, with the exception of children aged 5-17 who are at high risk of developing a severe illness.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Getty</em></p>

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A million Aussies over 60 yet to have booster as cases tipped to rise

<p>With coronavirus cases in Australia seeing a steep uptick in recent days, state health ministers have warned over-60s to get their booster vaccine. </p> <p>Cases are expected to double in the coming weeks, with over 900,000 Aussies in the 60-plus age bracket yet to book in for the latest jab.</p> <p>NSW Health Minister Brad Hazzard has said he does not support reinstating pandemic lockdown restrictions, but is encouraging everyone to have their booster as soon as possible. </p> <p>“What we’ve seen in the last few years is that as soon as positive cases start going up, people start getting vaccinated. It would make a lot more sense if they got [boosted] now, so they are less likely to catch the virus and be part of those rising numbers,” Mr Hazzard said.</p> <p>NSW reported a dramatic increase in Covid cases on Wednesday, with 30,402 infections after a data glitch meant about 10,000 tests on Sunday and Monday failed to be added to daily case counts.</p> <p>Despite the data glitch, the sudden uptick in cases has health officials concerned that many people are getting complacent in their thoughts towards the virus. </p> <p>“Boosters are our passage to safety and normal life, go and get it, don’t muck around.”</p> <p>In NSW, more than 330,000 people over the age of 60 have yet to have the jab, as Mr Hazzard warned the vulnerable group to be protected. </p> <p>“We’ve got just over 300,000 people in the 60-plus age bracket who are still not boosted … that makes them particularly vulnerable. They’re the grandmothers and grandfathers, the aunts, the uncles that young people are going to see. We need the whole population boosted,” he said.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

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Why millions of Aussies have not gotten boosters

<p>A new study has revealed that adults across Australia are proving very hesitant to receive their Covid-19 boosters.</p> <p>The analysis shows the hesitancy is not from vaccine misinformation or resistance, but from being completely disengaged from consuming further information about Covid-19.</p> <p>The survey conducted by the Australian National University shows less than half of all double vaccinated Australians aged 18 and over have had their booster.<br />It also found young Australians aged 18-24, Indigenous Australians, people with low education, and those who live in disadvantaged areas, are less likely to have received the third shot.</p> <p>In January, the ANU survey of more than 3400 adults found about four-in-10 Australians or 41.5% had received a third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.</p> <p>Study co-author Nicholas Biddle says 65.4% of people surveyed confirmed they would definitely get a booster compared to 71.9% in a survey previously conducted in October.</p> <p>'The findings suggest that booster uptake is not due to active resistance ... but rather because people either do not have that much information about the need for a third dose or because they have made a judgement that it is not necessary for them,' he said.</p> <p>'The experience of the first two doses, particularly side effects, may also have made some reluctant to seek out a third dose.'</p> <p>Although Australia had high success nationally with the initial rollout, where 94.4% of people over 16 years have had two doses, the ANU analysis shows there is no guarantee that success will be repeated in the booster rollout.</p> <p>'There is a very large proportion of adult Australians who are eligible for a booster but have not yet done so, with many of these individuals likely to have waning immunity from their first two doses,' Professor Biddle said.</p> <p>This information coincides with the restrictions lifting, where wearing a mask and checking in will become a thing of the past. Nationally, more than 25,000 COVID-19 infections were recorded on Thursday. </p> <p><em>Image: Getty </em></p>

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13 tiny changes that will make your home instantly happier

<p><strong>Keep clutter minimal</strong></p><p>A stack of books. A pile of papers. Knick-knacks everywhere! If objects are crowding every surface of your home, you’re not alone. The first step to being truly happy in your space is to figure out what to keep, and what to let go. “A cluttered room is much more likely to produce, and contribute to, a cluttered mind,” says professional organiser Marie Kondo, author of the bestseller <em>The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up</em>. “I believe that only in an uncluttered room, which enables an uncluttered mind, can you truly focus your attention and your energy on the matters in your life which are preventing you from reaching your truest happiness.”</p><p>According to design psychologist Sally Augustin, the powerful mental effects of clutter have roots in our evolution. “In our early days as a species, our lives depended on continually surveying the environment and seeing if anything was going to eat us,” she says. “Today we continue to survey our environment, and too many things make this subconscious reviewing more difficult, which is why the visual complexity of clutter is so stressful.” A study from Princeton University shows that too much disorganised stimuli simply overwhelms the brain.</p><p><strong>Display meaningful objects</strong></p><p>The process of letting go of ‘stuff’ doesn’t mean you should live in a stark environment, according to Dr Augustin that would feel alien to us. Kondo’s method uses the test of whether an object ‘sparks joy’ in your heart. “When you decide what to keep based on what sparks joy, you are establishing and reaffirming to yourself what is most important to you,” she says. It’s not about the latest home design styles, it’s how an object makes you feel.</p><p>Still love showing off that soccer trophy from third grade? Keep it! As far as how much to display, balance out the chaos in your life with a visually quieter environment. The amount that feels right may vary from person to person, but Dr Augustin suggests four or five pictures in a room and a couple of objects on a surface, depending on the size. Kondo says an added benefit of going through your possessions is learning how to get rid of mental baggage as well as the physical. “The skills you learn can be applied in your life well beyond deciding on which souvenir coffee mug to keep,” she says.</p><p><strong>Create a calming space</strong></p><p>Finding a ‘sanctuary’ in your home gives your mind a place to go to rest and restore, helping you feel more at peace. It doesn’t have to be a whole room, it could be a reading nook, a knitting or craft space, or even a ‘home spa’ in your bathroom. </p><p>In carving out your sacred space, Dr Augustin suggests bright but muted colours like sage, soft textures like flannel, warm light, and curved lines in patterns and objects instead of straight lines. Studies show we prefer curved lines because we see sharp transitions, such as right angles, as more of a threat.</p><p><strong>Bring nature inside</strong></p><p>Studies have shown nature to be calming to our psyche, so one way to feel happier in your space is to bring plants inside. “Bringing nature into your home definitely has powerful psychological effects,” says interior designer and design psychology coach <a href="http://www.happystartsathome.com/">Rebecca West</a>. “Peace lilies are one of my favourites because they’re easy-to-care-for and do well in low light conditions.” Dr Augustin also suggests avoiding spiky plants.</p><p>“We associate comfort with curvy shapes and not spiky ones, which make us more alert,” she says. Houseplants have the added benefit of helping to refresh the air in a room, making you healthier, according to research. “But if you aren’t blessed with a green thumb, then fresh flowers or even a print of a garden or a wall mural of trees can affect some of that same profound healing,” West says. “Even having natural wood furniture in your home partnered with green accessories or wall paint can bring that outdoor feeling inside.”</p><p><strong>Make your space more social</strong></p><p>Humans are pro-social beings, so your home should also be a place where you feel comfortable inviting friends over. Consider buying home items that lend themselves to socialising: a barbecue, a fire pit to gather around, or board games for game night. Plus, make sure your rooms are arranged for easy socialising. “If you want your living room to be ready for a book club, then it should be arranged to focus on conversation, not a giant TV,” West says. Dr Augustin suggests considering your guests’ varying personalities as well.</p><p>“Extroverts would prefer couches and introverts would prefer an individual chair, so you should have a range of options,” she says. “Arrange the furniture so people can make easy eye contact with each other, but also so they can gracefully break eye contact and look at something else, like a fish tank, a piece of art, or a window with a view.” These ‘positive distractions’ can help you and your guests adhere to humans’ preferred length of eye contact; about three seconds, according to <a href="http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/7/160086">research</a>.</p><p><strong>Use light well</strong></p><p>Psychologists have long known that light has an effect on our emotions. So when choosing what kind of light to have in your home, think about what feelings you’re trying to elicit in the space. “Warm light with warm light bulbs is better for when you’re socialising and relaxing, where blue and cooler light is better when you’re trying to do a really analytic task,” Dr Augustin says. So cool light might be better for a home office, but use warm light in the living and dining rooms.</p><p>“When people are having dinner parties they bring in candles, which are a warmer light – something we figured out eons ago which aligns with <a href="http://www.ledinside.com/knowledge/2013/12/lighting_psychology_cognitive_and_emotional_responses_to_lighting">modern research</a>,” she says. During the day, open the curtains and keep the windows clean to let the sun in. “Natural light is great for our mood,” Dr Augustin says. “But if a space is really glarey because you have lots of shiny surfaces, some of the positive ramifications of daylight evaporate because glare is stressful.”</p><p><strong>Keep it clean</strong></p><p>Having a clean home can have physical as well as mental benefits – less stuff means fewer things for dust and dirt to accumulate on, and you’ll be more likely to keep it clean because it won’t be so overwhelming. “The less clutter there is in your home, the easier it is to do basic cleaning chores, which let’s be honest, spark joy in almost nobody!”</p><p>Kondo says. Instead, you can use the time you save to do other things you enjoy more. But sometimes, a good cleaning can actually help you feel less stressed and anxious. “If you find yourself feeling frantic and overwhelmed, taking a moment to tidy up the kitchen or your bed can really calm those nerves and bring more focus into your mind,” West says.</p><p><strong>Make the bedroom a retreat</strong></p><p>Our mood improves when we wake up ‘on the right side of the bed’ after a good night’s sleep, and not getting good sleep has been <a href="https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/depression-and-sleep">linked to depression</a>. One way to feel more relaxed is to banish any reminders of unpleasant tasks in the bedroom. “If you have your home office in your bedroom, it’s great if the room is laid out so that when you’re actually lying down to go to sleep you don’t see your desk and all the piles of papers,” Dr Augustin says. Ideally, the bedroom should be one space to keep tidy.</p><p>“If you can’t put your whole home in order, try to have at least one room, such as the master bedroom, that gives you peace and respite from it all,” West says. Blackout curtains can also ensure the room is dark enough for good sleep. “It’s better for our health when the conditions are darker for sleep,” Dr Augustin says. “You can pull them during the day to let the daylight in.”</p><p><strong>Find storage solutions that work</strong></p><p>Even if your living spaces are clean, if every time you open that cupboard you’re pegged with an avalanche of stuff, it will still make you feel bogged down. “Simple storage methods are the best because they are the easiest to maintain,” says Kondo, who prefers shoe boxes. “Some people devise their storage strategies like a ‘Jenga’ tower, and we all know what happens when one piece is removed!”</p><p>Plus, being able to see everything you have also keeps you from buying new stuff you actually don’t need. If everything is simple and easy to access, it becomes not only routine, but a healthy habit, Kondo says. “You will always find ‘that thing’ you are looking for much easier, and that extra 10 or 15 minutes you save can be used to do something you truly enjoy.”</p><p><strong>Choose mood-boosting colours</strong></p><p>Your wall colour can affect your mood, so it might be time for a new coat of paint. Colour psychology is an entire field dedicated to understanding the impact shades have on us. “It’s the saturation and brightness levels of hues that determine our emotional response,” Dr Augustin says. “We’re calmer and in a more positive mood in colours that are not too saturated but relatively bright like sage green, and we’re more energised around colours that are more saturated and less bright, like a Kelly green [an intense, pure green].”</p><p>Energising colours make you happier in a place you work, like a kitchen, laundry or exercise room, whereas muted colours are better for a relaxing space, like a family room. Certain colours are associated culturally as well, which can help us feel at home in the space. “Our culture links yellow with kitchens and blue with restfulness, a good option for bedrooms,” Dr Augustin says.</p><p><strong>Use the power of scent</strong></p><p><a href="https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/30/suppl_1/i248/270387/Effects-of-Fragrance-on-Emotions-Moods-and">Studies have shown</a> smell has psychological effects, so use oils or candles to evoke good feelings in your home. “Researchers have learnt that lavender helps people fall asleep so that can be good for the bedroom, and lemon can be good to smell when you’re trying to do cognitive work like in your home office,” Dr Augustin says.</p><p>Floral scents also elicit positive emotions. But don’t lay it on too strong – scents will continue to have an effect even after your nose gets used to them. “Any smell in too great a concentration is off-putting and stress-generating,” she says.</p><p><strong>Fill your home with good memories</strong></p><p>Let everything in your house bring up positive memories of things and people you love. “Each time you look at that picture of you and your friends in Paris, or see the painting you did that turned out better than you ever expected, it helps you keep perspective and connect you with what is good and wonderful in your life,” West says.</p><p>On the other hand, purge the things that remind you of negative experiences and bring you down. “A stuffed animal from an ex-boyfriend, or a piece of furniture that you inherited but have never really liked, can keep you stuck in the past,” she says. “Life is too short to be surrounded by stuff you don’t like.”</p><p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p><p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/home-tips/13-tiny-changes-that-will-make-your-home-instantly-happier?pages=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>.</em></p>

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New booster vaccine approved in Australia

<p dir="ltr">An additional vaccine has been <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/astrazeneca-booster-shots-provisionally-approved-australia-therapeutic-goods-administration/cb666fd3-dff2-4603-8a56-663b7ad0b225" target="_blank" rel="noopener">granted provisional approval</a> to be used as a booster shot by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).</p><p dir="ltr">The TGA announced that a vaccine produced by AstraZeneca, called Vaxzevria, could be administered to individuals over the age of 18 who are yet to receive their third, ‘booster’ dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.</p><p dir="ltr">However, the TGA continues to recommend that Australians choose Moderna or Pfizer over the newly-approved jab.</p><p dir="ltr">“The third (booster) dose may be given if clinically indicated with reference to official guidance regarding the use of a heterologous third dose (e.g. mRNA vaccine),” it said in a statement.</p><p dir="ltr">“This means that the decision to receive Vaxzevria as a booster must be made in consultation with a medical professional.”</p><p dir="ltr">Dr Vinod Balasubramaniam, a virologist from Monash University’s Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Malaysia, said the addition of a third vaccine is particularly important as the world battles the Omicron variant.</p><p dir="ltr">“It’s important to increase the vaccine portfolio in the fight against COVID-19, in particular against the current highly contagious Omicron variant, a multi-pronged approach is definitely needed for us to win the war,” he <a href="https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/expert-reaction-tga-provisionally-approves-astrazeneca-boosters-for-ages-18" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a>.</p><p dir="ltr">“Diversifying the vaccine portfolio in including AstraZeneca vaccines as part of the booster dose regimen is important, especially when used as a mix-and-match for individuals who experienced adverse reactions with their primary vaccinations with other types of vaccines.”</p><p dir="ltr">Dr Andy Files, a senior research fellow at the Menzies Institute for Medical Research within the University of Tasmania, agreed and noted that the mix-and-match approach has been proved as an effective way of protecting people from the virus.</p><p dir="ltr">“From a basic immunology perspective, swapping vaccines should help to focus the immune response on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein encoded in the vaccines, rather than the other components of the vaccine, thus providing the intended boost in protection against the coronavirus,” he explained.</p><p dir="ltr">“The AstraZeneca booster will be most useful for people that had strong side effects to the mRNA vaccines or have histories of myocarditis or pericarditis.”</p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7a08a62b-7fff-6267-485c-f7fb04a89364"></span></p><p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Getty Images</em></p>

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“Really appalling” prediction for half of Australia's aged care

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A dire warning has been issued for Australia’s aged care homes, with the CEO of Aged and Community Services Australia </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.news.com.au/world/coronavirus/australia/aged-and-community-services-australia-warns-half-of-all-aged-care-homes-will-soon-be-hit-with-the-virus/news-story/36bff623338e8828df3236cd855b2377" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">predicting</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that Covid will hit half in the coming week.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">After recording low case numbers over the last several months, the number of aged care facilities with at least two residents or staff members who have tested positive has peaked at 124.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In NSW alone, there are 639 active cases of Covid among residents, as well as 728 among staff, as reported by </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Daily Telegraph</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently, the number of deaths in aged care facilities with active cases of Covid stands at 13.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Speaking to the </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">ABC</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on Tuesday, CEO Paul Sadler shared his prediction, adding that the number of cases is likely to grow even further.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I believe there is now a risk that we will have over half of all the aged care homes in Australia with outbreaks, and that number is likely to continue to increase,” he said.</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">Unfortunately my prediction proved accurate. Department of Health data just released show active COVID outbreaks in 1,107 aged care homes across Australia, with over 3,200 residents infected. Exponential rise threatens over half of all aged care homes within days</p> — Paul Sadler (@PaulSadlerCnslt) <a href="https://twitter.com/PaulSadlerCnslt/status/1481926122250342402?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 14, 2022</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite the grim outlook, Mr Sadler defended the sector’s rollout of COVID-19 booster shots, saying third doses of the vaccine started within a week of approval.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“We were ready to go once ATAGI made that decision, but what happened, of course, was that the Omicron wave began in earnest in early December, and from that point on we’ve been struggling to protect older people,” he said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Kathy Eagar, a Professor of Health Services Research and expert in aged care at the University of Wollongong, said families with loved ones in care should be “really concerned” as cases increase.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I think every family should be really concerned about what’s happening in aged care,” she said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Forty percent of aged care homes in Australia have a Covid outbreak - that is really appalling.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though 75 percent of facilities have administered booster shots, Dr Eagar believes it may be too late to be effective at preventing the spread.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Every resident should have had the opportunity [to receive] the dose well before Christmas, and everyone was due well before Christmas,” she said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mr Sadler’s prediction comes as NSW and Victoria recorded 32 and 18 deaths respectively on Wednesday, with NSW Health’s Dr Kerry Chant warning that the number of deaths would continue to climb as the full impact of last week’s case numbers are felt.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">NSW recorded its deadliest day on Tuesday with 36 deaths - 33 of whom were over the age of 65.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“All three of those under 65 had serious underlying health conditions and of the older people, only a handful - four - had had their boosters,” Dr Chant said.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Getty Images</span></em></p>

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Most common side effect of booster jab explained

<p><em>Image: Getty </em></p> <p>As more Aussies are rolling up their sleeves for their Covid-19 booster shots, reports are emerging of<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.oversixty.com.au/health/body/woman-reports-bizarre-side-effect-of-covid-jab" target="_blank">all kinds of bizarre side effects</a>. But there is one in particular that is proving the most common.</p> <p>Most who have received both doses already have an idea of some of the side-effects that can occur, including pain at injection site, tiredness, fever, chills and headaches.</p> <p>However, the more common adverse effect from the third Covid vaccine appear to be swollen lymph nodes. These are the small lumps of tissue that contain white blood cells to help you fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried through the lymph fluid.</p> <p>There are hundreds of lymph nodes throughout the body including in the neck, armpit, chest, abdomen and groin.</p> <p>“Swollen lymph nodes are a normal and known side effect of vaccines and occurs when the immune system is stimulated,” the TGA said, adding it was observed during clinical trials for the Covid-19 vaccines.</p> <p>For Pfizer, it has been found to occur more frequently after a third dose, with about 5% of people reporting experiencing swollen lymph nodes. This is compared to the less than 1% of people who reported this side effect after the first or second doses in the clinical trials.</p> <p>For Moderna, this side effect occurred in up to 10% of people.</p> <p>Swelling may be noticed near the injection site within a few days of the vaccination, for example in an armpit where the lymph nodes are located.</p> <p><strong>What causes the swelling?</strong></p> <p>The Covid-19 vaccines contain spike proteins that start to build when injected into your body. These proteins are then carrying into the lymph nodes, activating some of the white blood cells. Immunology researcher at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI), Joanna Groom, told the ABC some of the white blood cells that are stimulator are known “effector” cells and pump out antibodies that neutralise the virus and therefore multiplying, possibly leading to inflammation.</p> <p>It appears that a fourth Covid-19 booster shot could be on the cards for Australians, with the country’s most senior health official dropping a big hint about additional vaccine doses.</p> <p>Earlier this month, Israel became the first country to begin rolling out a fourth dose of the vaccine. A fourth dose is already recommended for immunocompromised people in Australia.</p>

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Government announces shortened booster window

<p dir="ltr">The federal government has announced that the timeframe between the second COVID-19 vaccine and the booster shot has been shortened, from five months to four. The change will come into effect on January 4.</p> <p dir="ltr">This is an additional reduction, following an initial interval of six months in between shots. Furthermore, on January 31, the gap between shots will be reduced to just three months.</p> <p dir="ltr">These changes will enable millions of Australians to receive their booster shots, which are increasingly being seen as necessary to resist the Omicron strain and maintain immunity amidst rising cases across the country, far sooner.</p> <p dir="ltr">This includes over 60s, many of whom were not fully vaccinated until late in the year due to eligibility criteria. Tony Blakeley, an epidemiologist from the University of Melbourne, described the five-month gap between the second and third shots as “bordering on unethical”, particularly for older Australians who received the AstraZeneca vaccine.</p> <p dir="ltr">“AstraZeneca recipients are often 60-plus, they're often more vulnerable, yet they had a vaccine where they had to wait three months between the first and second dose and now they're not eligible,” he explained.</p> <p dir="ltr">The change follows advice from expert vaccination group ATAGI and is in response to the recent spike in cases as the Omicron variant spreads throughout the community. On Friday, Victoria recorded 2095 new cases and eight deaths, while NSW recorded 5612 and one death.</p> <p dir="ltr">Health Minister Greg Hunt explained that cutting the interval down would ensure roughly 7.5 million Australians would be eligible to receive a booster shot by early January, whereas as of Friday, only 3.2 million were eligible.</p> <p dir="ltr">Once the interval is reduced further at the end of January, about 16 million Australians will be eligible to receive their third vaccine. In a press conference on Friday, Mr Hunt said, “These dates have been set out of an abundance of caution to give Australians early continued protection.”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Rohan Thomson/Getty Images</em></p>

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Should over 60s who received the AstraZeneca get boosters sooner?

<p dir="ltr">Some epidemiologists are calling for the time frame between the second COVID-19 vaccine and the booster to be shortened for those who received the AstraZeneca vaccine.</p> <p dir="ltr">Tony Blakely from the University of Melbourne is one such epidemiologist, and he has highlighted the risk facing those in their 60s who will not be eligible to receive the booster shot for several months, both because of the delay between jabs one and two and the five-month delay between the second jab and the booster.</p> <p dir="ltr">He described the five-month gap as “bordering on unethical”, arguing, “AstraZeneca recipients are often 60-plus, they're often more vulnerable, yet they had a vaccine where they had to wait three months between the first and second dose and now they're not eligible.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Despite this, Prime Minister Scott Morrison refused to adjust the time frame any further, after already reducing it from six months to five. Speaking to the media following an<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://oversixty.com.au/news/news/stay-calm-get-your-booster-pm-delivers-results-of-emergency-cabinet-meeting" target="_blank">emergency National Cabinet meeting</a>, Morrison said, "There's been plenty of discussion about whether the interval should be five months, four months, three months. That will be a decision for the vaccination experts at ATAGI. That is not a decision for myself as prime minister or the premiers and chief ministers."</p> <p dir="ltr">Research suggests vaccines are less effective against the Omicron variant than they were against Delta, and research has also shown that vaccines steadily lost their effectiveness against COVID-19 in the weeks following the second dose. For AstraZeneca, effectiveness fell to 47.3 per cent after 20 weeks, falling even more for over-65s.</p> <p dir="ltr">On the bright side, protection against hospitalisation did not fall as sharply, maintaining 77 per cent effectiveness after 20 weeks and almost 79 per cent effectiveness against death.</p> <p dir="ltr"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-23/covid-astra-zeneca-vaccine-too-soon-for-booster-omicron/100719368" target="_blank">Linda Fisher and her husband Ken</a><span> </span>are some of the members of ‘Generation AZ’ who are concerned about the five-month wait. The Queensland couple have plans to travel to Melbourne next month, and because they are not yet eligible for a booster, having only received their second shot in November, they’re wondering if they’re putting their lives at risk by travelling interstate. They are not due to receive the booster until April.</p> <p dir="ltr">Hassan Vally, an epidemiologist at Deakin University, urged those in vulnerable groups to exercise caution over the holidays. "People who are a bit older and have other comorbidities need to take precautions this Christmas.” Despite this, he stressed that we are not “back to square one” thanks to the Omicron variant, explaining, "Most people have a certain degree of immunity which changes the equation completely from a virus that's spreading in a population with no immunity.</p> <p dir="ltr">“It's important to bring that fear level down a little bit, but at the same time acknowledge that yeah, this is a significant challenge."</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Morsa Images</em></p>

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"Stay calm, get your booster": PM delivers results of emergency cabinet meeting

<p><em>Image: 9 News</em></p><p>Prime Minister Scott Morrison has strongly urged Australians to wear masks in indoor public settings as part of a suite of new measures to tackle rising COVID cases across the nation.</p><p><br />Mr Morrison gathered with state and territory leaders from noon on Wednesday as part of an emergency national cabinet meeting to discuss the growing Omicron threat.</p><p>Previously, national cabinet was not scheduled to meet until February 2022, but rising Covid-19 cases, particularly in NSW, prompted the Prime Minister to call a snap meeting.</p><p>The meeting was held virtually, with booster vaccinations and the reintroduction of key restrictions, such as masks, the main topics of discussion.<br />Following the meeting, Morrison said they “had a positive meeting” and that they are taking Omicron very seriously.</p><p>Mr Morrison also said that mask wearing in indoor spaces was highly recommended.</p><p>"Whether it's mandated or not, that's what we should be doing," he said.</p><p>He further encouraged Australians to move gatherings outdoors where possible.</p><p>"People following common sense behaviours is very important."</p><p>Mr Morrison said classification of COVID-19 contacts would be standardised between the states and territories.</p><p>"We must have a common definition, right across the country, of what is a casual contact, and what are the implications of being a casual contact," he said.</p><p>"We cannot have different rules in different places."</p><p>He said experts would make a recommendation on the definition of "close contacts" and "casual contacts" in the next fortnight.</p><p>The Prime Minister said it was not realistic to use QR codes to completely track COVID-19 outbreaks in areas with high case numbers.</p><p>Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly then said that Australia had not seen a rise in hospitalisations due to Omicron, despite the large increase in case numbers occurring around the country.<br />He went on to say that there is no doubt that Omicron is replacing Delta in NSW.</p><p>The Prime Minister also announced a major change to the booster program as the health system struggles to rollout Australians third doses.</p><p>Mr Morrison on Wednesday declared that General Practitioners and Pharmacists would receive $10 extra from the federal government for administering the booster shot.</p><p>“I can announce that I have advised the premiers and chief ministers today that we will be increasing the payments to GPs and pharmacists,” he said.</p><p>“We'll be increasing them up by $10 a jab.”</p><p>Pharmacists are now expected be reimbursed around $26-29 per jab while GPs will received $27-$50.</p><p>On the issue of wait times at testing sites, Mr Morrison said it was being considered whether PCR tests would be needed for interstate travellers who had no symptoms, or if rapid tests could be adequate.<br />Mr Morrison also said the Doherty Institute would be doing further research, while the National Cabinet would reconvene in a fortnight.</p><p><br />"My main message is to stay calm, get your booster, follow the common-sense behavioural measures."<br />He said it had been agreed Australia was not going back to lockdowns and that Australia was arguably one of the best placed countries in the world to deal with Omicron.</p>

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Can you mix and match COVID-19 vaccine and booster shot brands?

<p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> <p>In the early months of Australia’s COVID-19 booster program, the Pfizer shot was essentially the only option, but now that is no longer the case.</p> <p>The Moderna vaccine has now been approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration and the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI) for booster purposes.</p> <p>Emily Edwards from the Department of Immunology and Pathology at Monash University said additional vaccines being introduced into the booster program was welcome news.</p> <p>“The more vaccines that we have approved, the less supply chain issues that we're going to come across, which means that then we can keep up the consistent provision of vaccination to the community,” she said last week.</p> <p>ATAGI have advised that booster doses can now be provided from five months after someone’s second dose, rather than six months given the likelihood of ongoing transmission of the Omicron and Delta variants.</p> <p>So, is it safe to mix and match?</p> <p>Health experts advice that it is safe to mix and match.</p> <p>“The scientific literature is saying that it is safe to mix and match vaccines,” Dr Edwards said.</p> <p>“The evidence coming out is saying that there's no issue in having a booster that is different to what your two primary doses are.”</p> <p>There are suggestions that having a different booster brand could even give you greater immunity. Chris Moy, vice president of the Australian Medical Association, said “there’s a long history of being able to mix vaccines for the same condition, and in fact, possibly getting more bang for your buck in doing so”.</p> <p>“But it doesn't really make a lot of difference. Basically, these booster shots all seem to do the right thing in terms of being able to drive up that immunity,” he said.</p> <p>The advice is mostly coming from studies that compare mixing vaccines between the first and second dose. Dr Moy said the most important thing isn’t the brand of booster you get, but just getting one to begin with.</p> <p>“I think we're quibbling about minor differences between the vaccines. All the vaccines are very good and they've all got their pros and cons ... but overall, these are very, very minor. It's the difference between an LG versus a Samsung versus a Sony,” he said.</p> <p>“If people are worried enough they can shop around, but sometimes what's more important is actually to go get the darn injection in your arm.”</p> <p>Anyone with concerns should seek medical advice, Dr Edwards added.</p> <p>The advice is mostly coming from studies that compare mixing vaccines between the first and second dose. </p> <p><strong>What about AstraZeneca?</strong></p> <p>AstraZeneca can be used as a booster for people who had it for previous shots and didn't encounter an adverse reaction, but it is not preferred.</p> <p>Those who had a significant adverse reaction after a previous mRNA vaccine – the class of vaccine that Pfizer and Moderna belong to - could also use it.</p> <p>“It can be used as a booster, but only in rare circumstances and only for people that had AstraZeneca for the first two shots,” Dr Moy said.</p> <p><strong>How many people have had the booster so far?</strong></p> <p>As of Thursday last week, more than 600,000 people in Australia had already received a booster shot.</p> <p>A survey by the Australian National University released on Thursday found 70 per cent of respondents would ‘definitely’ be receiving a booster shot.</p>

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Pfizer booster may offer important protection against Omicron variant

<p dir="ltr">Pfizer has announced that a booster of its COVID-19 vaccine may improve protection against the new Omicron variant of the virus.</p> <p dir="ltr">Pfizer and its partner BioNTech said on Wednesday that while two doses of the vaccine may not be sufficient protection against the Omicron variant, lab tests showed that a booster shot increased people’s levels of antibodies capable of fighting Omicron by 25-fold. For those who have not yet received a booster, two doses should still prevent severe disease or death.</p> <p dir="ltr">Health authorities in Australia, the US and around the world have been urging those eligible to get a third dose as soon as they are able. Dr Mikael Dolsten, Pfizer’s chief scientific officer, told the<span> </span><em>Associated Press,<span> </span></em>"Go and get your third boost as soon as possible. This is comforting and a very positive message that we now have a plan that will induce immunity that is likely to protect from infection, symptomatic illness and severe disease from now across the entire winter season."</p> <p dir="ltr">US President Joe Biden said the Pfizer booster news was “very encouraging” although he cautioned, “that’s the lab report. There’s more studies going on.” The findings were announced in a press release and have not yet been subject to scientific review.</p> <p dir="ltr">Pfizer tested blood samples taken a month after a booster had been administered and found that people had levels of Omicron-neutralising antibodies that were similar to amounts proven protective against earlier variants after two doses.</p> <p dir="ltr">It’s important to note that scientists don’t yet know how big a threat the Omicron variant is. Delta remains responsible for most of the current COVID-19 cases around the world, but the Omicron variant carries an unusually large number of mutations, and scientists are working quickly to learn how easily it spreads, whether it causes more serious illness than other variants, and how resistant it might be to vaccines.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Jasmin Merdan</em></p>

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WHO director general calls for moratorium on vaccine boosters

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As countries around the world attempt to vaccinate their populations against COVID-19, the World Health Organisation has called for a moratorium on supplementary “booster” shots, citing global inequalities in access to the jabs.</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">.<a href="https://twitter.com/WHO?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@WHO</a> director general <a href="https://twitter.com/DrTedros?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@DrTedros</a> is calling for a moratorium on booster shoots in wealthy countries until the end of Sept, to get more vaccine to low income countries.</p> — Helen Branswell (@HelenBranswell) <a href="https://twitter.com/HelenBranswell/status/1422909510558093318?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 4, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The statement came hours after a San Francisco hospital began offering “supplemental doses” of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines to recipients of the Johnson &amp; Johnson vaccine.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additionally, countries including Israel have already begun offering booster Pfizer doses to elderly people, while Germany and France are planning to administer booster doses to those who were vaccinated early on in the rollout, as well as elderly people and those with compromised immune systems.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to </span><em><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/covid-booster-vaccines-europe/2021/08/03/dddf18f4-f45d-11eb-a636-18cac59a98dc_story.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Washington Post</span></a></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the UK is prepared to administer booster shots from September, pending approval from national health experts.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently, about 29 percent of the world’s population has received one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, this number drops to just one percent in low-income countries, according to </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our World in Data</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I understand the concern of all governments to protect their people from the Delta variant,” WHO director general Dr Tedros Adhannom Ghebryesus said on Wednesday. “But we cannot accept countries that have already used most of the global supply of vaccines using even more of it.”</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">The price of vaccine inequity is the unnecessary loss of human lives - someone's parent, child, partner or friend. We have the tools and the means to deliver them to the people whose lives could still be saved. Let's use them NOW. <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/VaccinEquity?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#VaccinEquity</a></p> — Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (@DrTedros) <a href="https://twitter.com/DrTedros/status/1425108886818856965?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">August 10, 2021</a></blockquote> <p><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02109-1" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">An analysis</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> conducted by the organisation has found that if the 11 countries rolling out or considering rolling out booster shots were to give a third dose to everyone over the age of 50, they would use roughly 440 million doses from the global supply.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“We need an urgent reversal, from the majority of vaccines going to high-income countries, to the majority going to low-income countries,” Tedros said.</span></p>

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