Can chopping your vegetables boost their nutrients?
<p><em><strong>Duane Mellor is a Senior Lecturer at Coventry University. Ekavi Georgousopoulou is a Research Associate at the University of Canberra. Nenad Naumovski is an Assistant Professor in Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Canberra</strong></em>.</p>
<p>We all know <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/the_guidelines/n55_australian_dietary_guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">eating vegetables</a></strong></span> is a good way to improve health. And for many years the focus has been on just <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2011/09/08/3308919.htm" target="_blank">eating more vegetables</a></strong></span>, be it fresh, frozen or tinned.</p>
<p>But what if there was a quicker and easier way to get more benefit from our vegetables? Can the way we prepare vegetables boost their nutrition? Does tearing or chopping your lettuce makes any difference? And if we chop, does it matter what type of knife we use?</p>
<p>For a long time, we’ve believed tearing vegetables, especially salad leaves, is the best way to preserve their nutrients. The idea is that tearing leaves disrupts the cells of the plant less than chopping. Chopping slices straight through cells allowing their contents to spill out. This means nutrients, especially minerals such as potassium can <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://search.proquest.com/openview/76c92b4387f8c383140b1c9869572817/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36750" target="_blank">leak away</a></strong></span>.</p>
<p>But it’s not all bad news for chopping. It has several other effects on vegetables, some of which may be beneficial, at least in theory.</p>
<p><strong>Cutting boosts polyphenols</strong></p>
<p>Vegetables contain a wide range of <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/517S.short" target="_blank">bioactive compounds</a></strong></span>, a term that extends beyond their nutrients, like vitamin C and potassium, to include the <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/Abstract/2017/03000/Exploring_Possible_Health_Effects_of_Polyphenols.4.aspx" target="_blank">polyphenols</a></strong></span>.</p>
<p>These compounds are only found in plants and have various <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138506003141" target="_blank">roles</a></strong></span>, including providing colour, acting as plant sunscreen against ultraviolet radiation and giving the plant a bitter taste, which discourages animals from eating it.</p>
<p>Cutting some types of vegetables – notably celery, lettuce and parsnips – can <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814606002603" target="_blank">increase</a></strong></span> their polyphenol content.</p>
<p>There is logic in this. Cutting wounds the flesh of the vegetable and it responds by producing more polyphenols, helping defend the vegetable tissue from further damage. Similarly, if a grazing animal tasted these bitter compounds it may think twice before taking another bite.</p>
<p>In theory, higher levels of polyphenols (say, from chopping) are better for our health. Polyphenols often make up a large proportion of what are described as “<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/81/1/215S..full" target="_blank">antioxidants</a></strong></span>”, which are thought to help support our body’s <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijfs.13075/abstract" target="_blank">defences</a></strong></span> against inflammation.</p>
<p>But there’s a complication. After chopping comes <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-why-cut-apples-turn-brown/" target="_blank">enzymatic browning</a></strong></span>, the same chemical reaction that turns cut apples, potatoes and avocados brown. That’s thanks to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase breaking down the polyphenols, the very compounds you’re interested in.</p>
<p><strong>How about chopping and chilling?</strong></p>
<p>Refrigeration might help <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.fruitandvegetable.ucdavis.edu/files/217061.pdf" target="_blank">slow the rate</a></strong></span> of this browning reaction and so help preserve the potentially beneficial polyphenol content. This works as the cold temperatures in the fridge slow down the chemical reactions, which normally would breakdown the polyphenols.</p>
<p>On the face of it, this sounds like a great idea: chop up your vegetables and chill them to slow down polyphenol loss (and to stop colour changes associated with enzymatic browning).</p>
<p>But the very act of the vegetable producing polyphenols (say after chopping) often involves using up <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814606002603" target="_blank">vitamin C</a></strong></span>. So, nutritionally it could be a case of “robbing Peter to pay Paul” and there may not be any overall benefits.</p>
<p>We also need to look at the actual levels of polyphenol changes brought on by chopping. Although chopping carrots boosts levels by nearly <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814606002603" target="_blank">200 per cent</a></strong></span>, carrots normally contain very small amounts of these compounds to start with.</p>
<p>So, while there may be statistically more polyphenols produced after chopping, practically this increase is largely irrelevant. This is because the quantities in these chopped and chilled vegetables is still only modest, and is typically very <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17157175" target="_blank">poorly absorbed</a></strong></span>.</p>
<p>So, for most people the key message remains keep working towards eating at <a href="https://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/the_guidelines/n55_australian_dietary_guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">l<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>east five serves of vegetables per day</strong></span></a>. It is less important if the veggies are chopped or shredded, as any benefits are too small to be significant.</p>
<p><strong>Chopping can affect taste and texture</strong></p>
<p>But chopping (and the rise in polyphenols that come with it) can alter a vegetable’s taste. This is because polyphenols have a slightly bitter taste, which <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://theconversation.com/hate-vegetables-you-might-have-super-taster-genes-74428" target="_blank">not everyone likes</a></strong></span>.</p>
<p>Chopping can also affect a vegetable’s texture, as breaking up the cells releases other enzymes that can cause the structure of the product to breakdown and become soft and mushy. Refrigeration can slow this effect too.</p>
<p>This is the case with basil, with many recipes recommending tearing rather than chopping or risk <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.thekitchn.com/the-science-behind-bruising-yo-100988" target="_blank">bruising the basil</a></strong></span> as it can alter flavour and texture. The tearing of the leaves, seems to damage fewer cells, so lower levels of enzymes are released, so less browning and damage can occur.</p>
<p><strong>Can different knives affect polyphenol loss?</strong></p>
<p>There is some suggestion that the type of knife may influence the breakdown of polyphenols and browning. A blunt knife potentially causes more damage to the cells, promoting polyphenol breakdown. So it might be better to use a sharp one.</p>
<p>More significantly, the <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://amg-v.com/copperpage.html" target="_blank">copper</a></strong></span> in steel knives can help the polyphenol oxidase enzyme work, causing more rapid browning. So, a <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=bWMWA1Mh0AsC&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&dq=stainless+steel+knives+browning+vegetable&source=bl&ots=4HRL_I3XOt&sig=lFCm74Ul_Kv51oXWeif8vYQ2yjA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvguyOrr7TAhUDJJQKHYJlDEAQ6AEIZTAN#v=onepage&q=stainless%20steel%20knives%20browning%20vegetable&f=false" target="_blank">ceramic</a></strong></span> or plastic knife, could reduce this effect.</p>
<p><em>Written by Duane Mellor, Ekavi Georgousopoulou and Nenad Naumovski. First appeared on <a href="/%20https:/theconversation.com/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The Conversation</span></strong></a>.</em><img width="1" height="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/75393/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" alt="The Conversation"/></p>
