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What’s inflation – and how exactly do we measure it?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-fox-16896">Kevin Fox</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p>If the price of a cup of coffee goes up, coffee drinkers are worse off if their income doesn’t increase by at least the same amount – they have less money to spend on other things.</p> <p>But if the prices of many different goods and services all go up at the same time, it can have a significant impact on people’s ability to buy the things they want or need, such as food and paying the rent.</p> <p>This is inflation – a general increase in prices that reduces the purchasing power of money.</p> <p>High inflation is not good for most households, nor is deflation. Low and stable inflation is generally regarded as beneficial for economic prosperity.</p> <p>But how and why do we measure it?</p> <h2>Tracking a ‘basket’ of important items</h2> <p>A range of factors can cause or contribute to rising prices. Demand for certain products can exceed their supply, particularly when there are reductions in taxes or increases in government spending.</p> <p>Disruptions in supply chains and tariffs on imports can also increase prices.</p> <p>But how do we know if prices are going up across the whole economy, or just for some products? One popular solution is to create an aggregate measure of price changes, such as the consumer price index, or CPI for short.</p> <p>The CPI measures changes in the price of products that are important to consumers, as measured by relative expenditures. It’s calculated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).</p> <p>The CPI covers a wide range of products that come under the following categories:</p> <ul> <li>food and non-alcoholic beverages</li> <li>alcohol and tobacco</li> <li>clothing and footwear</li> <li>housing</li> <li>furnishings, household equipment and services</li> <li>health</li> <li>transport</li> <li>communication</li> <li>recreation and culture</li> <li>education</li> <li>insurance and financial services.</li> </ul> <p>Currently, the full CPI is constructed on a quarterly basis.</p> <p>The ABS collects prices from sellers – nowadays often electronically, such as transaction data from barcode scanners at supermarket checkouts.</p> <p>If information on quantities sold is available, this will also be used to understand the economic importance of particular products to consumers.</p> <p>The main source of information on expenditure patterns is the <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/finance/household-expenditure-survey-australia-summary-results/2015-16">Household Expenditure Survey</a>.</p> <hr /> <p><iframe id="9C4Qr" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/9C4Qr/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <hr /> <p>All this information from the eight capital cities in Australia is weighted and indexed to create the CPI.</p> <h2>What do we use it for?</h2> <p>The CPI releases attract a lot of attention. They allow us to adjust welfare payments to maintain purchasing power, negotiate wage increases more fairly, and predict how costs are likely to change over time.</p> <p>Most importantly though, the figure is instrumental in determining interest rates.</p> <p>Our central bank – the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) – has the legislated responsibility to keep inflation between 2-3% per year. But because it cannot control things like taxes and government spending, the key way it does this is by adjusting interest rates.</p> <hr /> <p><iframe id="CSV4V" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/CSV4V/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <hr /> <p>The Reserve Bank sets the target cash rate – the interest rate on overnight loans between banks. Increasing this rate increases the costs to banks of borrowing.</p> <p>Banks pass this cost on, charging their customers higher interest rates. By increasing the cost of mortgage repayments and discouraging consumers from borrowing money for spending, this reduces consumer demand for products and can help lower inflation.</p> <h2>Headline versus underlying</h2> <p>The CPI is unlikely to be the inflation rate faced by any one individual – we all spend differently. It’s even possible to construct your own inflation rate, if you keep thorough spending records and understand the index methodology.</p> <p>But the CPI is not the only measure of inflation that is produced. It is often referred to “headline” inflation, to contrast it with measures of “underlying” inflation. Underlying inflation can better represent persistent domestic inflationary pressures which may need a policy response.</p> <p>Why can’t we always trust headline CPI? Some items prone to weather conditions or supply shocks, such as fruit and petrol, can face sharp, volatile price movements that skew the headline figure. Excluding them from the calculation can reveal underlying inflation conditions.</p> <p>Alternatives take a statistical approach to adjusting the headline rate, such as the trimmed-mean and weighted median estimates produced by the ABS and used by the RBA.</p> <p>By excluding certain items, these measures don’t reflect full changes in the cost of living faced by households – but neither does headline CPI.</p> <h2>Other ‘flations</h2> <p>You’ll often hear other inflation-related terms bandied about in the news. Here’s a helpful guide to a few of them:</p> <p><strong>Deflation</strong></p> <p>This is negative inflation. This can be bad as consumers will delay purchases as they wait for prices to fall further, leading to economic stagnation.</p> <p><strong>Disinflation</strong></p> <p>Inflation is still positive (overall prices are going up), but the rate of inflation decreases. If inflation was 4% and falls to 3%, this is disinflation, not deflation.</p> <p><strong>Stagflation</strong></p> <p>The economy simultaneously has stagnant growth, high inflation and high unemployment. This is rare, but famously happened during the oil crisis of the 1970s.</p> <p><strong>Hyperinflation</strong></p> <p>The annual rate of inflation in Argentina is currently 271.5%. In 2018 in Venezuela, it was over 1,000,000% per month. This is hyperinflation. The costs of this are enormous.</p> <p>Even with moderately high inflation, consumers are unable to differentiate relative price changes from general price changes in their consumption choices. With hyperinflation, money becomes virtually worthless.</p> <hr /> <p><em>This article is part of The Conversation’s “<a href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/business-basics-157462">Business Basics</a>” series where we ask experts to discuss key concepts in business, economics and finance.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/235673/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></em></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kevin-fox-16896">Kevin Fox</a>, Professor, School of Economics; Director of the Centre for Applied Economic Research, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>Image </em><em>credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-inflation-and-how-exactly-do-we-measure-it-235673">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Beloved Oscar winner dies "exactly as he would have scripted it"

<p>Award-winning Hollywood screenwriter David Seidler has died aged 86. </p> <p>The playwright, best known for 2010's <em>The Kings Speech</em>, passed away while on a fly-fishing expedition in New Zealand. </p> <p>"David was in the place he loved most in the world — New Zealand — doing what gave him the greatest peace which was fly-fishing," his manager said in a statement to <em>The Hollywood Reporter</em>.</p> <p>"If given the chance, it is exactly as he would have scripted it."</p> <p>Seidler's cause of death has not been revealed. </p> <p>The British-American playwright, first moved to Hollywood - where he started his career - at the age of 40, with his first job writing <em>Tucker: The Man and His Dreams </em>for Francis Ford Coppola. </p> <p>He also worked on the <em>King and I</em> and <em>Madeline: Lost in Paris</em>.</p> <p>Seidler is best known for <em>The King's Speech</em>, starring Colin Firth and Helena Bonham Carter. The film won him an Oscar and BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay. </p> <p>He previously told <em> The Los Angeles Times</em> that his interest in the story of George VI came from growing up with a stutter, just like the one Colin Firth's character had in the film. </p> <p>"It began, obviously, by the fact that I was a stutterer as a kid — truly a profound stutterer," he told the publication.</p> <p>"I grew up always having a great soft spot in my heart [for him], because I knew he was a stutterer, who had, if not been totally cured, at least improved to the point where he could give these very eloquent, moving, stirring wartime speeches."</p> <p>Seidler is survived by his two adult children. </p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p> <p> </p>

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What exactly is a ceasefire, and why is it so difficult to agree on one in Gaza?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/marika-sosnowski-1415833">Marika Sosnowski</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p>Barely a week after Hamas’ attack on Israeli soldiers and civilians on October 7 and the subsequent airstrikes by the Israeli Defence Force on the Gaza Strip, talk of a ceasefire had already begun.</p> <p>More than five weeks into the war, calls for a ceasefire have only grown louder. Visiting the White House this week, Indonesian President Joko Widodo <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/indonesian-president-joko-widodo-urges-biden-to-help-end-gaza-atrocities">said</a>, a “ceasefire is a must for the sake of humanity.”</p> <p>Israel has thus far <a href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-11-11-2023-d4d272416107c02e63dabd9548395026">refused</a> to discuss a ceasefire without the release of the 240 hostages being held by Hamas.</p> <p>But what exactly is a ceasefire, and how do they work? And what sort of arrangement would be most effective in Gaza?</p> <h2>Different terms, different meanings</h2> <p>Virtually as old as conflict itself, a ceasefire is an ancient way of formalising a halt to armed violence between warring parties for a certain period of time. Historically, the terms truce and armistice were used as synonyms.</p> <p>Perhaps surprisingly, international humanitarian law has <a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/11/humanitarian-pauses-and-ceasefires-what-are-differences">no provisions</a> relating specifically to when ceasefires should be negotiated, what they need to contain or how they need to be applied.</p> <p>It is only in the last 50 years or so that a range of new terminology has become commonplace to describe the phenomenon of a “<a href="https://beyondintractability.org/essay/cease-fire">ceasefire</a>”. These include:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://ru.usembassy.gov/joint-statement-russian-federation-united-states-syria/">cessation of hostilities</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2017/12/04/un-calls-humanitarian-pause-yemen-conditions-capital-deteriorate">humanitarian pauses</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/2093">de-escalation areas</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/un-call-days-tranquility-bears-fruit-more-five-million-children-have-been-vaccinated">days of tranquility</a> (pauses in fighting to allow for immunisation of children)</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/sites/kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/files/Policy_brief_Creating_safe_zones_and_safe_corridors.pdf">safe zones</a> and safe corridors</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://osce.org/stories/osce-mirror-patrols-windows-of-hope-eastern-ukraine">windows of silence</a> (one name given to the 2014 ceasefire in Ukraine).</p> </li> </ul> <p>Many of these terms have been used in the Gaza conflict. For instance, in late October, the UN General Assembly <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12548.doc.htm">adopted</a> a resolution calling for an “immediate, durable and sustained humanitarian truce leading to cessation of hostilities”.</p> <p>In the Security Council, the US has <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67320520">called</a> for “humanitarian pauses”, but not a “ceasefire”. Russia, meanwhile, has <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142427">demanded</a> a “humanitarian ceasefire”, but is unhappy with a “truce” or “pauses”.</p> <p>This week, Hamas said it is willing to <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231113-%F0%9F%94%B4-live-more-gaza-hospitals-halt-operations-as-israeli-assault-continues">release</a> 70 hostages in exchange for a five-day “truce”.</p> <p>Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has previously <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/04/gaza-ceasefire-talks-ongoing-despite-israeli-pm-rejecting-pause-says-us">rejected</a> a “temporary truce”, but under pressure from the US, has agreed this week to <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/10/will-israels-humanitarian-pauses-mean-much-for-gaza-no-say-experts">implement</a> daily four-hour “humanitarian pauses”.</p> <p>While there have been <a href="https://ukraine.un.org/en/174777-glossary-humanitarian-terms-pauses-during-conflict">attempts</a> to differentiate between these terms, states continue to place different emphasis or apply different meanings to them in ad hoc ways. This makes finding common ground difficult.</p> <h2>What could be achieved in Gaza instead</h2> <p>So, if we have no common definitions as a starting point, how do parties come to any useful or enforceable agreement on a ceasefire?</p> <p>Thus far in Gaza, the answer has mostly been they don’t. It may be simplistic to say that words are what we use as humans to make sense of and order the world, but in this context, specifics matter.</p> <p>Arguably, in focusing so squarely on getting to a halt in fighting (whatever we want to call that), we lose sight of many other important factors and actions that may or may not fall under the broad and open-to-interpretation umbrella term of “ceasefire”.</p> <p>For example, Israel and Hamas might find agreement if negotiators focused on more specific details or issues, such as:</p> <ul> <li> <p>the amount of ordnance being used by both sides on a daily basis, and what kind of ordnance</p> </li> <li> <p>where or what is targeted by both sides</p> </li> <li> <p>the number of aid convoys allowed into Gaza, where they would come from, where they would go and what they would be carrying</p> </li> <li> <p>the number and/or nationality of hostages to be released and at what regularity.</p> </li> </ul> <p>I am not a negotiator and this is not an exhaustive list. What it hopes to illustrate is that efforts for a grand-bargain-type ceasefire should not be prioritised over more nuanced, and perhaps tangible, efforts for other types of lulls in fighting.</p> <h2>How ceasefires can be problematic</h2> <p>At the same time, it should not be forgotten that ceasefires can have unintended consequences. Often these consequences are far from beneficial, positive or humanitarian – the kinds of things we expect from a ceasefire.</p> <p>For example, in Syria, local <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/18/do-ceasefires-syria-work-we-checked-data/">ceasefires</a> and reconciliation agreements have been used during the civil war to allow for the evacuation of citizens from their homes in places like <a href="https://paxforpeace.nl/publications/no-return-to-homs/#:%7E:text=The%2520report%2520'No%2520Return%2520to,cities%2520and%2520neighbourhoods%2520in%2520Syria.">Old Homs</a> and <a href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/besiege-bombard-retake-reconciliation-agreements-syria">Daraya</a>.</p> <p>Subsequently, a raft of presidential decrees were enacted that enabled the Syrian regime to permanently reappropriate their properties. State-backed <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/beyond-fragility-syria-and-the-challenges-of-reconstruction-in-fierce-states/">reconstruction</a> and development projects such as Basila City (which ironically means “Peace City” in old Aramaic), Marouta and Homs Dream were then built on the land acquired via the ceasefire agreements.</p> <p>Likewise, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/evacuation-route-offered-fleeing-ukrainians-mined-1685418">humanitarian corridors</a> were implemented that allowed people from the besieged city of Mariupol to evacuate. Shortly afterwards, however, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky <a href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/214156/Zelensky+accused+Russia+of+Mining+Humanitarian+Corridors">accused</a> Russia of laying landmines within the corridors to thwart civilians’ ability to flee.</p> <p>In another example, humanitarian corridors that Russia <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/top-wrap-1-ukrainians-trapped-besieged-city-fighting-blocks-evacuation-efforts-2022-03-07/">proposed</a> setting up would not lead civilians to safety, but rather into Russia or its close ally Belarus.</p> <p>Israel has similarly announced “<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-16/israel-announces-another-safe-passage-for-gazans-to-move-south">safe corridors</a>” enabling <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/10/will-israels-humanitarian-pauses-mean-much-for-gaza-no-say-experts">mass displacement</a> of civilians from the north to the south of the country. The relocation is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/13/israel-hamas-war-latest-gaza-residents-told-move-ground-assault">supposedly</a> for civilians’ own safety, despite the fact airstrikes are killing civilians there, too. Many also <a href="https://www.newarab.com/news/egypt-israeli-safe-zones-gaza-prelude-displacement">fear</a> the supposed “safe corridors” could lead to a permanent displacement of Gazans.</p> <p>Israel has reportedly also canvassed support for a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/05/world/middleeast/israel-egypt-gaza.html#:%7E:text=Israeli%2520leaders%2520and%2520diplomats%2520have,the%2520border%2520in%2520neighboring%2520Egypt.">humanitarian corridor</a> that would direct Palestinians towards the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, in effect making them an Egyptian problem with little possibility of return. The idea has unsurprisingly been rejected by both the Palestinians and Egypt.</p> <h2>A ceasefire is only the beginning</h2> <p>Despite all this, ceasefires are perhaps the best-formalised tools humans have so far devised to halt the violence of armed conflict for a time.</p> <p>Therefore, given the suffering of civilians on both sides in the Israel-Hamas conflict, it is imperative some form of ceasefire happens. However, we should not be blinded by calls for a ceasefire (whatever terms are used), but stay alert to the hazards that ceasefires can themselves create.</p> <p>In any case, a ceasefire that stops violence for four hours, four days or four months will only be the beginning of the more challenging work that needs to be done to bring meaningful and long-term security and stablity to both Palestinians and Israelis.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/217683/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/marika-sosnowski-1415833"><em>Marika Sosnowski</em></a><em>, Postdoctoral research fellow, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-exactly-is-a-ceasefire-and-why-is-it-so-difficult-to-agree-on-one-in-gaza-217683">original article</a>.</em></p>

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Extreme weather events are exactly the time to talk about climate change – here’s why

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/josh-ettinger-1302389">Josh Ettinger</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-oxford-1260">University of Oxford</a></em></p> <p>Record-breaking heatwaves are <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/simultaneous-heatwaves-hit-northern-hemisphere-summer-of-extremes">sweeping across the northern hemisphere</a>, affecting large parts of southern Europe, the US and China. On July 24, Sicily recorded blistering temperatures <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66302472">of more than 47.5℃</a> and wildfires are currently <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/25/how-bad-are-wildfires-in-greece-what-caused-them-visual-guide-heatwave">tearing through Greece</a>. The heatwaves come as <a href="https://www.reuters.com/graphics/CANADA-WILDFIRE/HISTORIC/znvnzebmavl/">record numbers of fires continue to burn</a> across Canada.</p> <p>A <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-66289489">study by the World Weather Attribution group</a> found that these heatwaves would have been “virtually impossible” without climate change. In fact, the heatwave that is affecting parts of China was made 50 times more likely by global warming. This is exactly what climate scientists have been warning us about for decades – climate change makes many types of extreme weather event <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-the-new-ipcc-report-says-about-extreme-weather-and-climate-change/">more likely, more intense and longer lasting</a>.</p> <p>As a PhD researcher examining extreme weather events and climate change communication, I have spent the past four years exploring how extreme weather events may affect the way the public feels, thinks and acts on climate change.</p> <p>One area of interest to researchers is how extreme weather events might reduce the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494422000676">“psychological distance”</a> associated with climate change. While climate change can feel abstract and vague, extreme weather is something people can experience firsthand.</p> <p>But <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab466a/meta">research offers contrasting results</a>. Some studies have found that extreme weather events lead to an <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1017/S0022381612000448?casa_token=dTns6Kvds1AAAAAA%3AkQcleVJ95vJUyh5Pg2vxvFEDbzfR1RsuOI131QCMO0wvdtIiLSVEq4EW6fZYwC7Yhraxj-NB9g">increased belief</a> that human-driven climate change is occurring and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1837-4">greater support for climate action</a>. Others <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-021-03176-z">find no effects</a> or suggest that these effects are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378017309135?via%3Dihub">only temporary</a>.</p> <p>However, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32412-y">we often underestimate</a> how much the public already cares about climate change. In Britain, <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1164127/desnz-pat-spring-2023-net-zero-and-climate-change.pdf">just 4% of the public</a> say they are not at all concerned about climate change, while only <a href="https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/global-warmings-six-americas/">11% of Americans</a> dismiss the issue.</p> <p>Given that <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/04/18/a-look-at-how-people-around-the-world-view-climate-change/">most people</a> are already concerned about climate change, an important question now is how to shift these existing concerns into action.</p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-talk-to-your-family-and-friends-about-the-new-ipcc-report-five-tips-from-climate-change-communication-research-202306">Talking about climate change</a> is a powerful way of mobilising climate action, and extreme weather events provide helpful climate conversation starters. We can use these moments as opportunities to <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231177930">engage our families, friends and communities</a> in discussions about how climate change may relate to these events and <a href="https://drawdown.org/solutions">what we can do about it</a>.</p> <p>So, if you decide to engage people you know in discussions about extreme weather and climate change, here are a few thoughts and guidelines to keep in mind.</p> <h2>1. Listen and share perspectives</h2> <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0887618520300773">Extreme weather events can be traumatic</a> and climate change can evoke a wide range of emotional responses. If the person you are talking to is comfortable discussing the topic, ask them about their experiences and observations.</p> <p>Encourage them to tell stories and affirm the validity of their emotional response – whether they are afraid, angry, hopeful or worried. There is no one right way to feel about climate change, so listen to what they have to say and then share your own perspective too.</p> <h2>2. Talk about planning and preparation</h2> <p>When discussing extreme weather events, some people may link their experiences to climate change, while others focus on various local factors that contribute to extreme weather risks.</p> <p>The risks associated with extreme weather arise from a <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/">combination</a> of factors. These include the weather itself, which can be influenced by climate change, the level of exposure of people and places to extreme weather and the vulnerability of those to harm.</p> <p>Climate change, for instance, can affect the frequency, intensity and duration of wildfires. But emergency responses, evacuation procedures, firefighting and healthcare systems are crucially important to reduce risks. There are also significant equity and justice implications of extreme weather as different populations are <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41885-020-00060-5">affected disproportionally</a>.</p> <p>It’s also important to bear in mind that while climate change affects many extreme weather events, it <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-change-not-the-main-driver-of-madagascar-food-crisis-scientists-find/">does not necessarily affect every instance</a>. Weather systems are complex and there are <a href="https://theconversation.com/heres-why-climate-change-isnt-always-to-blame-for-extreme-rainfall-206958">meteorological processes</a> that scientists are still trying to understand.</p> <p>We also need to make sure the roles of local planning and preparation in minimising the impact of these events are not overlooked.</p> <h2>3. Challenge arguments about politicising the weather</h2> <p>In May 2023, Republican governor of Florida, Ron DeSantis, dismissed concerns about global warming by claiming that he rejects the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/desantis-climate-change-fox-news-b2346211.html">“politicisation of the weather”</a>. Ontario premier, Doug Ford, recently <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-climate-change-forest-fires-politics-ford-stiles-1.6869071">made a similar argument</a> about Canada’s wildfires.</p> <p>In conversations, it’s possible that someone might accuse you too of “politicising” the weather. You can (respectfully) push back against this claim.</p> <p>This argument is a <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-sustainability/article/discourses-of-climate-delay/7B11B722E3E3454BB6212378E32985A7">discourse of climate delay</a>. Rather than denying the existence of human-driven climate change, climate delay discourses try to shut down climate discussions and cast doubt on the need to act very quickly. These arguments disingenuously assert that acting on climate is too expensive, too late or that someone else should take care of it – and they are <a href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-multi-country-media-analysis-shows-scepticism-of-the-basic-science-is-dying-out-198303">becoming increasingly common</a>.</p> <p>If we shouldn’t discuss climate change when extreme weather occurs, then when is the right time? If we want to protect lives, we need to talk about – and act upon – the risks associated with extreme weather events and the disasters they can cause.</p> <p>If talking about climate change politicises the weather, so be it. The politics of climate denial and delay affected this summer’s weather, and our current decisions will shape our planet for thousands of years.</p> <p>The science is clear. Act now or face increasingly dire consequences.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/210412/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/josh-ettinger-1302389">Josh Ettinger</a>, Doctoral researcher, School of Geography and the Environment, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-oxford-1260">University of Oxford</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/extreme-weather-events-are-exactly-the-time-to-talk-about-climate-change-heres-why-210412">original article</a>.</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Calls to regulate AI are growing louder. But how exactly do you regulate a technology like this?

<p>Last week, artificial intelligence pioneers and experts urged major AI labs to immediately pause the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4 for at least six months. </p> <p>An <a href="https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/">open letter</a> penned by the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/commentisfree/2022/dec/04/longtermism-rich-effective-altruism-tech-dangerous">Future of Life Institute</a> cautioned that AI systems with “human-competitive intelligence” could become a major threat to humanity. Among the risks, the possibility of AI outsmarting humans, rendering us obsolete, and <a href="https://time.com/6266923/ai-eliezer-yudkowsky-open-letter-not-enough/">taking control of civilisation</a>.</p> <p>The letter emphasises the need to develop a comprehensive set of protocols to govern the development and deployment of AI.</p> <p>It states, "These protocols should ensure that systems adhering to them are safe beyond a reasonable doubt. This does not mean a pause on AI development in general, merely a stepping back from the dangerous race to ever-larger unpredictable black-box models with emergent capabilities."</p> <p>Typically, the battle for regulation has pitted governments and large technology companies against one another. But the recent open letter – so far signed by more than 5,000 signatories including Twitter and Tesla CEO Elon Musk, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak and OpenAI scientist Yonas Kassa – seems to suggest more parties are finally converging on one side. </p> <p>Could we really implement a streamlined, global framework for AI regulation? And if so, what would this look like?</p> <h2>What regulation already exists?</h2> <p>In Australia, the government has established the <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/work-with-us/industries/technology/national-ai-centre">National AI Centre</a> to help develop the nation’s <a href="https://www.industry.gov.au/science-technology-and-innovation/technology/artificial-intelligence">AI and digital ecosystem</a>. Under this umbrella is the <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/work-with-us/industries/technology/National-AI-Centre/Responsible-AI-Network">Responsible AI Network</a>, which aims to drive responsible practise and provide leadership on laws and standards. </p> <p>However, there is currently no specific regulation on AI and algorithmic decision-making in place. The government has taken a light touch approach that widely embraces the concept of responsible AI, but stops short of setting parameters that will ensure it is achieved.</p> <p>Similarly, the US has adopted a <a href="https://dataconomy.com/2022/10/artificial-intelligence-laws-and-regulations/">hands-off strategy</a>. Lawmakers have not shown any <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/03/business/dealbook/lawmakers-ai-regulations.html">urgency</a> in attempts to regulate AI, and have relied on existing laws to regulate its use. The <a href="https://www.uschamber.com/assets/documents/CTEC_AICommission2023_Exec-Summary.pdf">US Chamber of Commerce</a> recently called for AI regulation, to ensure it doesn’t hurt growth or become a national security risk, but no action has been taken yet.</p> <p>Leading the way in AI regulation is the European Union, which is racing to create an <a href="https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/">Artificial Intelligence Act</a>. This proposed law will assign three risk categories relating to AI:</p> <ul> <li>applications and systems that create “unacceptable risk” will be banned, such as government-run social scoring used in China</li> <li>applications considered “high-risk”, such as CV-scanning tools that rank job applicants, will be subject to specific legal requirements, and</li> <li>all other applications will be largely unregulated.</li> </ul> <p>Although some groups argue the EU’s approach will <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/14/lessons-from-world-s-two-experiments-in-ai-governance-pub-89035">stifle innovation</a>, it’s one Australia should closely monitor, because it balances offering predictability with keeping pace with the development of AI. </p> <p>China’s approach to AI has focused on targeting specific algorithm applications and writing regulations that address their deployment in certain contexts, such as algorithms that generate harmful information, for instance. While this approach offers specificity, it risks having rules that will quickly fall behind rapidly <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/14/lessons-from-world-s-two-experiments-in-ai-governance-pub-89035">evolving technology</a>.</p> <h2>The pros and cons</h2> <p>There are several arguments both for and against allowing caution to drive the control of AI.</p> <p>On one hand, AI is celebrated for being able to generate all forms of content, handle mundane tasks and detect cancers, among other things. On the other hand, it can deceive, perpetuate bias, plagiarise and – of course – has some experts worried about humanity’s collective future. Even OpenAI’s CTO, <a href="https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/">Mira Murati</a>, has suggested there should be movement toward regulating AI.</p> <p>Some scholars have argued excessive regulation may hinder AI’s full potential and interfere with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364916300814?casa_token=f7xPY8ocOt4AAAAA:V6gTZa4OSBsJ-DOL-5gSSwV-KKATNIxWTg7YZUenSoHY8JrZILH2ei6GdFX017upMIvspIDcAuND">“creative destruction”</a> – a theory which suggests long-standing norms and practices must be pulled apart in order for innovation to thrive.</p> <p>Likewise, over the years <a href="https://www.businessroundtable.org/policy-perspectives/technology/ai">business groups</a> have pushed for regulation that is flexible and limited to targeted applications, so that it doesn’t hamper competition. And <a href="https://www.bitkom.org/sites/main/files/2020-06/03_bitkom_position-on-whitepaper-on-ai_all.pdf">industry associations</a>have called for ethical “guidance” rather than regulation – arguing that AI development is too fast-moving and open-ended to adequately regulate. </p> <p>But citizens seem to advocate for more oversight. According to reports by Bristows and KPMG, about two-thirds of <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-29/australians-say-not-enough-done-to-regulate-ai/102158318">Australian</a>and <a href="https://www.bristows.com/app/uploads/2019/06/Artificial-Intelligence-Public-Perception-Attitude-and-Trust.pdf">British</a> people believe the AI industry should be regulated and held accountable.</p> <h2>What’s next?</h2> <p>A six-month pause on the development of advanced AI systems could offer welcome respite from an AI arms race that just doesn’t seem to be letting up. However, to date there has been no effective global effort to meaningfully regulate AI. Efforts the world over have have been fractured, delayed and overall lax.</p> <p>A global moratorium would be difficult to enforce, but not impossible. The open letter raises questions around the role of governments, which have largely been silent regarding the potential harms of extremely capable AI tools. </p> <p>If anything is to change, governments and national and supra-national regulatory bodies will need take the lead in ensuring accountability and safety. As the letter argues, decisions concerning AI at a societal level should not be in the hands of “unelected tech leaders”.</p> <p>Governments should therefore engage with industry to co-develop a global framework that lays out comprehensive rules governing AI development. This is the best way to protect against harmful impacts and avoid a race to the bottom. It also avoids the undesirable situation where governments and tech giants struggle for dominance over the future of AI.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/calls-to-regulate-ai-are-growing-louder-but-how-exactly-do-you-regulate-a-technology-like-this-203050" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Technology

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We now know exactly what question the Voice referendum will ask Australians. A constitutional law expert explains

<p>The Albanese government has now released the formal wording of the proposed referendum it will introduce into parliament next week. </p> <p>It had earlier released a draft proposed amendment at the Garma Festival last year, which was intended to start a debate on the wording. Since then, this wording has been the subject of intense discussion and debate in the Referendum Working Group, comprised of Indigenous representatives, which has been advising the government.</p> <p>It has also been scrutinised by the Constitutional Expert Group, which has provided legal advice in response to questions raised by the Referendum Working Group. </p> <p>Many other Australians have raised ideas and concerns in the media and in communications with the government, which have been the subject of analysis and deliberation.</p> <h2>What do the words say?</h2> <p>The wording of the proposed amendment will be as follows:</p> <p><em><strong>Chapter IX – Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples</strong></em></p> <p><em><strong>129 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice</strong></em></p> <p>In recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Peoples of Australia:</p> <p>(1) There shall be a body to be called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice;</p> <p>(2) The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice may make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples;</p> <p>(3) The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws with respect to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and procedures.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has emotionally revealed the wording for the referendum on an Indigenous Voice to Parliament.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/auspol?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#auspol</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/voicetoparliament?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#voicetoparliament</a> <a href="https://t.co/4o4ZU5ykz3">pic.twitter.com/4o4ZU5ykz3</a></p> <p>— The Saturday Paper (@SatPaper) <a href="https://twitter.com/SatPaper/status/1638699476826353664?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 23, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <h2>What is new?</h2> <p>First, it is now clear this amendment will be placed in its own separate chapter at the end of the Constitution in a new section 129. </p> <p>The title of the chapter makes clear it is directed at the “recognition” of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the Constitution. </p> <p>This recognition then flows through to some introductory words which form a preamble at the beginning of the section. These words provide “recognition” of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the “First Peoples of Australia”.</p> <p>The terminology used is careful. It avoids the use of “First Nations”, which is politically more contentious and might have given rise to implications drawn from the term “Nation”. </p> <p>The description “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples” is long-standing and well-accepted, and the statement that they were the First Peoples of Australia is one of fact and recognition.</p> <p>The rest of the proposed amendment remains the same except for a minor alteration of words at the end of sub-section (3). </p> <p>Importantly, the guaranteed ability of the Voice to make representations to the executive government remains. </p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are asking the country for two simple things. </p> <p>Recognition in the constitution. </p> <p>And a Voice to Parliament. </p> <p>Today the Referendum Working Group has announced the proposed wording for a referendum that will do just that. <a href="https://t.co/NbS6ihhlon">pic.twitter.com/NbS6ihhlon</a></p> <p>— Anthony Albanese (@AlboMP) <a href="https://twitter.com/AlboMP/status/1638691913166651392?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 22, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <p>However, concerns about this have been addressed by the alteration to sub-section (3). </p> <p>The concern that had been raised was the High Court might draw an implication from sub-section (2) the representations by the Voice must be considered by government decision-makers before they can validly make a decision, potentially resulting in litigation and the delay of decision-making. </p> <p>While this concern had little to no substance, there was a suggestion some words should be added to the end of sub-section (3) to make it abundantly clear it was a matter for parliament to decide what the legal effects of the Voice’s representations would be. </p> <p>Parliament could make the decision that in some cases decision-makers would be obliged to consider representations first, but there would be no such obligation in relation to other types of decisions.</p> <p>This has now been accommodated by a compromise set of words added to the end of sub-section (3). </p> <p>These words say parliament can make laws with respect to “to matters relating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, including its composition, functions, powers and procedures.”</p> <p>The words “relating to” and “including” broaden the scope of this power. </p> <p>They are intended to permit parliament to legislate about the effect of the Voice’s representations, so it is a matter for parliament to decide whether the representations of the Voice must be considered by decision-makers when making administrative decisions. </p> <p>They are also intended to permit parliament to extend the powers and functions of the Voice as and when needed in the future.</p> <h2>The question on the ballot</h2> <p>The ballot paper never sets out the whole constitutional amendment, as in many cases, it would go for pages. </p> <p>Instead, voters are asked to approve the proposed law, as it is described in its long title. </p> <p>So the question put on the ballot will be set out as follows:</p> <p>"A Proposed Law: to alter the Constitution to recognise the First Peoples of Australia by establishing an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice."</p> <p>"Do you approve of this alteration?"</p> <p>Voters then write Yes or No.</p> <h2>What now?</h2> <p>The amendment bill is intended to be introduced next week. When it is introduced, a parliamentary committee will be set up to allow the public to make their own submissions about the amendment. </p> <p>Anyone who has concerns can have their voice heard by the committee and it remains possible that the committee might recommend alterations to the wording. </p> <p>After the committee reports, the amendment bill will be debated in June and if passed, it will go to a referendum between two and six months after its passage. It will then be a matter for the people to decide.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Twitter</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/we-now-know-exactly-what-question-the-voice-referendum-will-ask-australians-a-constitutional-law-expert-explains-202143" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

Legal

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Explainer: why, exactly, is alcohol bad for us long-term?

<p>What, exactly, makes alcohol unhealthy?</p> <p>After a big night, the answer to this might seem obvious – or perhaps more disturbingly, not obvious at all. But even in moderation, alcohol carries longer-term health risks too.</p> <p>So what are they, and why do they happen? Cosmos investigates.</p> <h2>Why is alcohol bad for you long-term?</h2> <p>The biggest culprit is a substance called acetaldehyde.</p> <p>Alcohol – or strictly speaking, ethanol – doesn’t stay that way in the body for long. The body metabolises it and turns it into a few different compounds, mostly acetaldehyde.</p> <p>As well as causing a lot of the symptoms you’d experience during a hangover, like headaches, nausea, and facial flushing, acetaldehyde is a carcinogen.</p> <p>“Acetaldehyde is highly reactive and extremely toxic,” says Dr Leon Booth, a research fellow at the George Institute for Global Health in Sydney.</p> <p>“It binds to different proteins, or to DNA, and it can impair enzyme and cell functions.</p> <p>“Essentially, because it’s so reactive, it increases the risk of cell mutations and therefore increases the risk of a cancer developing.”</p> <p>Globally, around 4% of cancers can be attributed to alcohol. The Lancet estimates that in 2020, there were 741,300 new cancers around the world that came from alcohol consumption.</p> <p>“A lot of them are in the digestive tract, which kind of intuitively makes sense, because that’s where the alcohol is coming into contact with the body,” says Booth.</p> <p>“So there’s an increased risk of cancer in the throat, mouth, oesophagus, liver, in the colon and for females, quite an increased risk for breast cancer.”</p> <p>One study estimates that a bottle of wine per week is roughly the equivalent of smoking 10 cigarettes per week for women, or five cigarettes per week for men.</p> <p>Acetaldehyde doesn’t stay in your body forever: an enzyme called acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, or ALDH, turns it into largely harmless acetic acid, and then eventually on to carbon dioxide and water.</p> <p>But here’s where genetics can play a role in your susceptibility too: some people have a genetic mutation that makes their ALDH enzymes less effective.</p> <p>This gene is particularly common among people of East Asian descent, which is why some East Asian people flush red after only a small drink. Unfortunately, there’s evidence that people with this gene are also more susceptible to cancer.</p> <p>“In studies of Asian populations, they seem to have a much greater risk of getting cancer from alcohol,” says Booth.</p> <p>While cancer and acetaldehyde draw the most attention, alcohol can have other long-term effects too – like high blood pressure and increased risk of strokes.</p> <p>“If you drink heavily and consistently, you get scarring in the liver – cirrhosis, which is also linked to an increased risk of cancers in the liver,” says Booth.</p> <p>Alcohol can also interfere with hormones, causing poorer sleep or – once again – a higher risk of cancer.</p> <p>It’s also linked to mental health issues, like anxiety and depression, but Booth says this can be a “chicken-and-egg situation”.</p> <p>“There’s a lot of literature to suggest that people with mental health issues drink to help cope. But unfortunately, it tends to make things worse.”</p> <p>All in all, not a great wrap. Is there any good news?</p> <h2>Isn’t low or moderate drinking a little bit good for you?</h2> <p>We’ve all seen – and Cosmos has published – headlines about low and moderate drinkers (around 10 or fewer standard drinks per week) doing better in some health metrics, particularly heart disease.</p> <p>Does this really mean that regular low-moderate drinking might be better than not drinking at all?</p> <p>“Long story short, I think the jury’s probably still out on that one,” says Booth.</p> <p>The trick is that a lot of non-drinkers avoid alcohol for health reasons. This is called the “sick quitter” effect.</p> <p>If you develop a health condition, or discover you’re at an increased risk of something like heart disease, often one of the first things a doctor will recommend is that you stop drinking.</p> <p>“What that means is, sometimes when you do these big population studies, the people who don’t drink alcohol can look less healthy than the people who do drink alcohol,” says Booth.</p> <p>While many of these studies have tried to control for the sick quitter effect, and still produced some compelling evidence that low or moderate drinking helps, other studies have found the opposite.</p> <p>“My overall opinion would be that it’s just a bit too early to know, and to really understand that relationship,” says Booth.</p> <p>“And even in those studies, once you get beyond that moderate consumption, alcohol does seem to be really detrimental to cardiovascular health.”</p> <p>So, for now – other than the benefit you get from spending a night at the pub in good company – you probably can’t claim alcohol’s improving your health. We’re as sorry about this as you are.</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared in <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/explainer-alcohol-health/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by Ellen Phiddian.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

Body

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What exactly is a hiccup?

<p>Hiccups are very odd quirks of our anatomy. We don’t fully understand what causes them, or what purpose they serve, and we certainly don’t have a clear answer on what stops them.</p> <p>And yet, there’s still scientific research happening on hiccups. Here are some of Cosmos’ favourite (sort of) peer reviewed hiccup cures.</p> <h2>What are hiccups?</h2> <p>Hiccups – scientific term singultus – are primarily the fault of two parts of our body: the diaphragm and the epiglottis.</p> <p>The diaphragm is a big muscle below your lungs. It’s the major reason you breathe – as it contracts and expands, air gets pulled in and pushed out of your lungs.</p> <p>The epiglottis is a small flap of tissue that sits at the top of your windpipe, flipping shut when you’re eating so that you don’t inhale food or liquid.</p> <p>Hiccups happen when the diaphragm spasms. This sudden movement sucks air into the lungs quickly, and your epiglottis slams shut. The ‘hic’ sound is caused by the epiglottis closing the door.</p> <p>Other animals with diaphragms can also hiccup – including cats, rats, rabbits and dogs.</p> <h2>What causes them?</h2> <p>It’s not clear what causes these spasms in the diaphragm – they’re controlled by the nervous system, but what triggers our nerves?</p> <p>The exact mechanisms aren’t obvious. Food and drink are often triggers – particularly fizzy drinks, alcohol, hot food, or eating too quickly.</p> <p>Other common triggers include smoking, stress, and pregnancy – but hiccups can happen independently of any of these.</p> <h2>Can they be cured?</h2> <p>Many doctors’ recommendations for hiccup cures are not too different to home remedies – things like holding your breath, breathing deeply, or eating: sugar, honey, ice, or something sharp like ginger, lemon or vinegar.</p> <p>In the medical literature, there are dozens and dozens of case studies showing one thing or another works. Broader data is sparse – because they usually only last a few minutes, it’s hard to run a clinical trial on hiccups. Most studies involve chronic hiccuppers, who may have underlying conditions that make their hiccups different.</p> <p>One cure favoured by bartenders is quickly eating a lemon wedge soaked in bitters, much like you would an orange slice. A 1981 study in the New England Journal of Medicine, done by a doctor and a bartender, found that this worked in 14 out of their 16 volunteers, all of whom got hiccups when they were drunk.</p> <p>Another claim, desperately wanting peer review, appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1966.</p> <p>The method proposes putting a spoon, fork or other metal object in a glass of water, and holding the metal against the temple while sipping from the glass. The writer claims he’s being getting people to do it for nearly 30 years and it has never failed him.</p> <p>“I have not been able to arrive at a reasonable explanation, physiological or otherwise, which would throw any light upon the manner in which the desired effect is achieved,” he writes.</p> <p>“Necromancy has been suggested, but I gravely doubt it.”</p> <p>The editors of the journal are unconvinced by this letter – and it’s worth noting the writer, Ashley Montagu, holds his qualifications in natural selection and ecology.</p> <p>In 2000, another case study reported a man who’d had persistent hiccups for four days following treatment for back pain – but they stopped when he had sex with his wife. Specifically, they stopped at the climax of the session, and he didn’t have another case of hiccups for at least a year.</p> <p>Something with a more reliable body of evidence behind it is a device made specifically to stop hiccups: the ‘Hiccaway’ straw. This straw is designed to make people contract their diaphragm when they use it, and a study with 290 regular hiccuppers found they rated it better than home remedies.</p> <p>Ultimately, because most hiccups go away after a few minutes, the only infallible cure is to wait them out. If you’re doing something when your hiccups stop, it’s possible that worked – or maybe that’s just what you were doing when your hiccups stopped.</p> <h2>What about chronic hiccups?</h2> <p>Hiccups that last longer than 48 hours can be a sign of an underlying condition – like a lung or kidney disease, or brain damage in the area of the brain that controls the diaphragm. They can also be a side effect of medications, like anti-epileptics.</p> <p>Chronic hiccups can be remedied by addressing the root cause. Alternatively, anti-nausea medications like chlorpromazine (branded Largactil in Australia) can soothe chronic hiccups.</p> <p>In serious cases, people might need surgery to the nerves that control the diaphragm. This used to be done by severing the nerves permanently, but recently researchers have come up with more reversible ways to tie the nerves shut in surgery.</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/health/hiccups-weird-cures/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cosmosmagazine.com</a> and was written by Ellen Phiddian.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p>

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Why these 10 classic INXS songs are exactly What You Need

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As one of Australia’s most famous homegrown acts, INXS and their classic albums have truly stood the test of time. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From their self-titled debut album in 1980, to their last album in 1997, the band’s signature style has transcended generations, and made millions of music lovers around the world fall head over heels for the down to earth music legends. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We have rounded up ten of the most iconic tracks from their ten studio albums they released before Michael Hutchence’s untimely death in 1997. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From their humble beginnings in Sydney to the biggest stages in the world, INXS left a mark on the Aussie music scene with these songs that will never be replaced.</span></p> <p><strong>Just Keep Walking</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The only single released from their self-titled album in 1980, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Just Keep Walking</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> tells the story of a band who were struggling to have their music heard while trying to make ends meet. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The song became the band’s first Top 40 track, and introduced a new wave sound to the world of Aussie rock. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YOn2f_vdVww" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Don’t Change</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Widely regarded as their first international single, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Don’t Change</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was released in 1982 from the album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shabooh Shoobah</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Australia, the song climbed into the top 20 on the charts, and peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard chart, firmly cementing them as the underdogs from Australia in the global music scene. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Since Michael Hutchence’s death, the rock anthem has been performed live by the Farriss brothers in an emotional, stripped back acoustic rendition. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sLm3Khusq_8" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Mystify</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The fifth and last single from their 1987 album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kick</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mystify</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was often outshone by other tracks from the album. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The song’s lyrics hold a poetry and romance that softens the hard rock album, while the music video offers an insight to Michael’s songwriting process with Andrew Farriss. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mystify</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> has subsequently been the name for several documentaries about the band, and the life and story of the late Michael Hutchence. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j7PvhO4UquU" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Never Tear Us Apart</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This signature ballad was the fourth single of </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kick</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and showcases a string section and epic saxophone solo from Kirk Pengilly to drive home the emotional story of two soul mates. </span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Never Tear Us Apart</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> peaked at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts, and was played during Michael Hutchence’s funeral procession in 1997.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The song has become a fan favourite, as the emotion, passion and longing in the song is palpable to those looking for a power ballad to speak for them.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That, and it’s one of the best saxophone solos in music history. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kFoHVqHpP4M" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Need You Tonight </strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This first single from </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kick</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> became an instant hit, as it was the band’s only song to reach the coveted number one spot on the US Billboard charts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The infamous guitar riff from </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Need You Tonight</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> came to Andrew Farriss while he was waiting for a taxi, while it took Michael 10 minutes to write the lyrics after hearing the demo. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The music video also won </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">five MTV Video Music Awards including the 1988 Video of The Year.</span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w-rv2BQa2OU" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Baby Don’t Cry</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This track was the second single from the 1992 album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Welcome to Wherever You Are</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">: the eight album by the band</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Baby Don’t Cry</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was written by Andrew Farriss as a tribute to his young daughter who he missed while on tour. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Featuring the 60-piece Australian Concert Orchestra, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Baby Don’t Cry</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> debuted in the top 50 charts in Australia, England, Belgium, New Zealand and The Netherlands. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HvSMtTvjvwY" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Elegantly Wasted</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The title track and first single from the band’s tenth studio album, <em>Elegantly Wasted</em> is said to have been based on a wild night on the town with Michael Hutchence and Bono from U2. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The song peaked at number 27 on the US charts, and became a number one single in Canada. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">After an argument with Oasis’ Noel Gallager, Michael added additional vocals into the chorus of the song, and he can be heard saying “I’m better than Oasis” during the “I’m elegantly wasted” lines. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WpfiThlwdVY" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Kiss The Dirt (Falling Down The Mountain)</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An ode to Australiana, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Kiss The Dirt</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was a single from the 1985 album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Listen Like Thieves</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The song reached number 15 on the Aussie charts, but became the seventh single to fail on the US charts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The music video became one of the band’s most iconic performances, as they danced and performed in the baron moon plains of Coober Pedy in South Australia. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/URe45TciM1E" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>By My Side </strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The fourth single taken from the 1990 album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">X</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">By My Side</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is potentially one of the band’s well-known ballads. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Featuring an anthemic chorus accompanied by a string section, the song peaked in the top 50 charts of several countries. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Along with </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Never Tear Us Apart</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">By My Side</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was also played at Michael Hutchence’s funeral.</span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VHlVdayWfOw" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Original Sin</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Released in 1983, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Original Sin</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was the lead single from </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Swing</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> album, and peaked at number one on the Aussie charts. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The chorus features a special cameo from Daryl Hall of Hall &amp; Oats, who changed the lyrics of the chorus to reflect his inter-racial parents. </span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PTULqzrhBWA" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><strong>Beautiful Girl</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Released as the fifth single from the 1992 album </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Welcome to Wherever You Are</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beautiful Girl</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was again written by Andrew Farriss who was inspired by the birth of his daughter. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In an interview about the track, Andrew said, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">"I was writing lyrics like <em>Baby Don’t Cry</em> and <em>Beautiful Girl</em> and lyrics just about how wonderful it is to have something else in your life besides yourself to worry about and think about."</span></p> <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IneI6rjg4ro" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image credits: Getty Images</span></em></p>

Music

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Exactly what happens if you lie on the Census

<p>Tonight is Census night and every Australian needs to fill in the forms. And while mistakes can and do happen, deliberate lies are met with stern consequences.</p> <p>Every five years, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) asks every household to fill in a Census form on the same night to get a snapshot of Australia as a whole.</p> <p>We use this information when formulating future policies for the country’s health, education, transport and infrastructure needs.</p> <p>This year, it’s expected 75 per cent of households will complete their forms online, to adhere to COVID-19 guidelines, because a high percentage of the country is currently in lockdown.</p> <p>Our last Census in 2016 was the first time we’ve attempted to submit our census forms online and this year is the second time.</p> <p>Officials from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) are bracing themselves for online cyber attacks because in our last Census in 2016, we experienced major problems with online hackers. So much so, this time the government has hired ‘friendly hackers’ to test if the site is vulnerable.</p> <p><strong>Can I choose not to fill in the census form?</strong></p> <p>Filling in the census form is mandatory and if you don’t take part, you will be fined $222. If you go to the ABS website it says: “The Census is compulsory. Everyone who is staying in your household on Census night must be included. This includes visitors and babies.</p> <p>The website continues stating: “You can be fined if you refuse to complete the Census or submit an incomplete form.”</p> <p>Under the Census and Statistics Act 1905, you can be issued a Notice of Direction, which directs you in writing to complete the Census.</p> <p><strong>Can I be fined if I make a mistake on the Census?</strong></p> <p>The Census form asks a lot of specific questions about yourself including how much money you make and how much your rent or mortgage costs.</p> <p>Because these questions as so specific, it’s possible you could make a mistake and the ABS has assured people they won’t be punished if they make a mistake.</p> <p>However, if the ABS feels you’ve lied on purpose, this will be treated in a far different manner.</p> <p><strong>What happens if I lie on the Census form?</strong></p> <p>The ABS makes it clear that it’s an offence to: “…provide false or misleading statements or information.”</p> <p>The penalty for lying on the Census form is a fine of up to $2220.</p> <p><img style="width: 24px; height: 24px;" src="/umbraco/nothing.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/1af16fbdfdcf489bb264d62e9b3bc0b7" /><img style="width: 333.49609375px; height: 500px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7842983/person-on-computer-um.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/1af16fbdfdcf489bb264d62e9b3bc0b7" /></p> <p><strong>Will the information I enter be safe?</strong></p> <p>Even though online hackers attacked the ABS website in 2016, they didn’t get hold of any of the data. The ABS says the information you give is not shared with any other government departments or agencies such as the police, Australian Taxation Office or Centrelink.</p> <p>The ABS is legally bound to protect the privacy of everyone and will not release information in a way which will identify any individual or household.</p> <p>If Census staff were to break these laws they can face penalties of up to $26,400 or imprisonment for up to two years - or both if confidentiality is broken.</p> <p>After 18 months the ABS destroys all the names and after 36 months they destroy all the addresses.</p> <p>However, they won’t do this if you tick the option for your information to be stored in the National Archives of Australia. If you do this, your information will be held for 99 years and then released publicly in a kind of time capsule.</p> <p><strong>What if I can’t submit my form online?</strong></p> <p>Some people may find it difficult to submit their census form online if they don’t have a computer or an Internet account. The ABS will check which households haven’t completed the form after Census night and those households who haven’t responded will receive reminder letters and visits from Census staff</p> <p>In cities, this type of follow up will mostly be through the mail, so if you can’t submit the form online, you will have received a letter from the ABS which has some instructions on it for submitting your form.</p> <p>This letter also supplies the ABS 24-hour automated hotline on 18000 130 250 and you can call this number and request a paper Census form is sent out to you.</p> <p>Once this form arrives in the mail, fill it in and post it back to the address supplied.</p> <p><strong>Call the ABS 24-hour automated hotline on 1800 130 250 if you need help to submit your Census form tonight.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Getty Images<br /></em></p>

Legal

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Lip reader reveals exactly what William said to Harry during statue unveiling

<p>The unveiling of a statue to commemorate what would have been Princess Diana's 60th birthday took place this week, with all eyes on the feuding royal brothers, Prince William and Prince Harry.</p> <p>Now, a professional lip reader has revealed the 'word of warning' the Duke of Cambridge said to his younger brother.</p> <p>Moments before the ceremony took place at Sunken Garden in Kensington Palace, lip reader Jeremy Freeman told the Daily Star, William gave a stern warning to Harry, telling him "I didn't want anything to go wrong. It's important we unveil it right."</p> <p>The pair commissioned the statue to honour their late mother four years ago, and appeared to stare fondly at it during the ceremony.</p> <p>Over 4,000 flowers were planted in the princess's favourite garden, taking 1,000 hours to complete.</p> <p>The brothers haven't been spotted together since the funeral of their great-grandfather, Prince Philip, in April.</p> <p>John Cassidy, another lip reader told The Sun, the brothers appeared to be quite jovial in their exchange, claiming the older prince marvelled at the touching tribute, saying "Great isn't it? Amazing little place."</p> <p>However, body language expert Judi James says the brothers united front appeared to be "overworked."</p> <p>"Emerging side-by-side their smiles did appear slightly over-worked at first but one very telling trait was how their body language was mirrored," she told The Sun.</p> <p>"This kind of mimicry suggests strong subliminal bonds, hinting that old ties still bind them despite their current rifts," she continued.</p> <p>During the ceremony, the brothers released a poignant statement, celebrating their mother's legacy.</p> <p>"Every day, we wish she were still with us, and our hope is that this statue will be seen forever as a symbol of her life and her legacy," they said.</p> <p>The statue will be open to the public to visit in line with Kensington Palace's opening hours.</p>

News

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Robert Irwin looks exactly like his dad in new snap

<p>Bindi Irwin announced that she and her husband Chandler have welcomed their first child, a baby girl called Grace.</p> <p>Fans are thrilled with the news but are more intrigued by the fact that Bindi's brother Robert looks exactly like their late father Steve Irwin while holding Grace.</p> <p>"Let the uncle adventures begin!" Robert<span> </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CM4WpmJjA90/" target="_blank">captioned</a><span> </span>a shot of himself holding the infant on his Instagram.</p> <p>"This little one picked the two best parents in the entire world. The most incredible, caring and strong Mum... and the funnest, coolest and kindest Dad. Love you three so much - I can't wait for this exciting journey ahead!"</p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7840491/robert-irwin.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/1b16b8dbca8344a98991b5edaea82f24" /></p> <div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text redactor-styles redactor-in"> <p>Bindi explained the reason for the child's name on Instagram.</p> <p>"Grace is named after my great-grandmother, and relatives in Chandler's family dating back to the 1700s."</p> <p>"Her middle names, Warrior Irwin, are a tribute to my dad and his legacy as the most incredible Wildlife Warrior.</p> <p>"Her last name is Powell and she already has such a kind soul just like her dad."</p> </div> </div> </div>

Family & Pets

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Robert Irwin looks exactly like dad in new photo

<p><span>Robert Irwin has reminded fans just how alike he is to his father.</span><br /><br /><span>Bindi Irwin, who’s almost 28 weeks pregnant with her first child, shared a silly shot on her Instagram of herself standing alongside her husband, Chandler Powell.</span><br /><br /><span>Her younger brother decided to photobomb the pic, though, peeking his head into the frame and making a face at the camera.</span></p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/CJlJ7D3BDrk/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="13"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CJlJ7D3BDrk/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by Bindi Irwin (@bindisueirwin)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p><br /><span>“Robert, you always make photos that much better,” the 22-year-old captioned her post.</span><br /><br /><span>“Love ya!”</span><br /><br /><span>Fans wasted no time to point out that her little brother’s resemblance to their late father, “Crocodile Hunter” Steve Irwin, was uncanny.</span><br /><br /><span>“Crikey he looks like your father here!” one fan wrote, referencing Steve Irwin’s famous catchphrase.</span><br /><br /><span>“Aww looks like he has his dad’s wonderful personality,” added another.</span><br /><br /><span>“He is so much like y’all’s dad,” commented a third.</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7839329/new-project-2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/bdf075bc1ddb473fb0a418184438d93d" /><br /><br /><span>Steve Irwin died at just 44-years-old back in 2006 after a stingray attacked him.</span><br /><br /><span>At the time, his only children were 8 and 2 years old.</span></p>

Family & Pets

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Exactly how much is each British royal actually worth?

<p>Whether you admire them for their established birthrights or myriad of leadership qualities, the esteemed British family is revered throughout countless nations.</p> <p>Royals seem to have it all – power, prestige and perhaps most importantly, money.</p> <p>From gargantuan oil supplies to significant charitable donations, the wealth of the British royal family is quite substantial.</p> <p>Surprisingly, most of the money used to fund the British monarchy doesn’t actually come from the taxpayer – members of the royal family are all wealthy on their own.</p> <p>With the combined sums of inheritances, crown estates and allowances, these royals are able to spare no expense when it comes to enjoying the better things in life.</p> <p>Although we can’t directly indulge ourselves in the abundant realm of high jewellery, impeccable art and acres of land that comprise their lifestyle, we can revel in their considerable net worths to a cup of herbal tea – with our pinkies raised in the air of course.</p> <p><strong>Meghan Markle’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $5 million</strong></p> <p>In the weeks before her wedding to Prince Harry, there was much speculation about whether the American actress was actually worth more than her then-fiancé. Spoiler: She’s not, though that wasn’t even close to the strangest conspiracy theory about Meghan and Harry. But she still had quite the net worth when she entered the Royal family at around $5 million, <em>Newsweek</em> reports.</p> <p>She reportedly made $50,000 per episode portraying Rachel Zane on the TV show <em>Suits</em>, which she starred in for seven seasons. In addition, she had roles in several other shows and movies, like <em>90210</em>, <em>Remember Me</em>, and <em>The Candidate</em>.</p> <p>Acting wasn’t her only source of income; the Duchess of Sussex also released two clothing lines through the Canadian retailer Reitmans, promoted sponsored content on Instagram and her lifestyle website, The Tig, and worked as a freelance calligrapher early in her career.</p> <p>Recently inked deals with Netflix may also have pushed this figure considerably northwards.</p> <p><strong>Kate Middleton’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $7-10 million</strong></p> <p>Middleton’s story has often been overplayed as a rags-to-riches ascent to royalty, but that’s actually far from the case; her family held substantial holdings with a collective net worth of $50 million.</p> <p>Most of this derives from an online party supply business called Party Pieces, which Breakthrough Branding has dubbed “the UK’s leading online and catalogue party company.”</p> <p>Prince Charles also covers her official staff and wardrobe expenses, and some of her travel costs are often funded by the countries she visits, which means she gets to keep most of her personal money in the bank – one of the many benefits of having a prince for a husband, we assume.</p> <p>Although her net worth has been reported to be between $7 million to $10 million in terms of savings, her national worth with clothing sales and tourism revenue is rumoured to be much higher.</p> <p>In any case, her combined wealth with husband Prince William is said to increase once Prince Charles ascends to the throne.</p> <p><strong>Prince Philip’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $30 million</strong></p> <p>Although he never took on the title of king due to strict monarchy regulations, royalty still pumps through his blood and his net worth is estimated at $30 million.</p> <p>Despite having retired from his Royal duties, Prince Philip still receives an annual Parliamentary annuity of £359,000 from the Sovereign Grant just for his royal title.</p> <p>According to a UK Government site, Prince Philip “still requires office support for non-public official duties.”</p> <p><strong>Prince William and Prince Harry’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $40 million each</strong></p> <p>According to <em>Town &amp; Country</em>, Prince William and his younger brother Prince Harry gathered most of their wealth on their 30th birthdays through an inheritance – about $13m in trust and estate from their late mother, Diana, Princess of Wales.</p> <p>At the age of 21, the two sons gained access to a lavish $450,000 per year investment profit. They also receive an “allowance” from the Duchy of Cornwall, which is managed by their father. This isn’t the typical allowance we remember from our parents, however; it was reported to be a total $4.6 million in 2015. This grand sum covers most of their staff, travel, and wardrobe expenses.</p> <p>Even before Harry stepped down from royal duties to make his own way, both princes were already cranking out their own paychecks as well.</p> <p>Prince William also works as a helicopter pilot for East Anglian Air Ambulance but donates his entire $62,000 annual salary to charity.</p> <p>Prince Harry earnt his own salary as an officer in the Army Air Corps until his departure from the service – as captain, he was said to earn an additional $45,000 a year.</p> <p><strong>Prince Charles’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $100 million</strong></p> <p>As the next in line to the English throne, Prince Charles reigns over the highest British royal family net worth after Queen Elizabeth: $100 million.</p> <p>According to CNN, a significant bulk of this stems also from the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate that owns and operates land in rural and urban areas, as well as various islands and cottages in Wales and Cornwall.</p> <p>The Duchy of Cornwall was established in 1937 to ensure that the heir to the throne would have a steady income.</p> <p>Although he doesn’t actually own the colossal real estate portfolio, Prince Charles’s royal position enables him to receive income from it as the land’s sole beneficiary.</p> <p>In 2018, the estate paid Charles and Camilla $28 million. The couple also receives a portion of the Queen’s Sovereign Grant.</p> <p><strong>Queen Elizabeth II’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $550 million</strong></p> <p>Much of this handsome number derives from owning property holdings like the $140 million Balmoral Castle in the Scottish Highlands, the $65 million Sandringham House, stud and fruit farms, marine land throughout the UK, and one of the world’s largest stamp collections built by her grandfather.</p> <p>The estates she owns were inherited from her father, the late King George VI. The assets belonging to the Crown Estate are not included in her net worth, but she does get to enjoy them too as one of the many perks of being queen. This encompasses $10 billion worth of real estate, Buckingham Palace and the Royal Art collection.</p> <p>The Queen also receives an annual government stipend and because this wealth is tied to her position, she could never sell the royal assets.</p> <p>This stipend does include a bit of taxpayers’ money (the Sovereign Grant which paid her $105 million for the 2019-2020 year), combined with the Duchy of Lancaster, another collection of properties (separate from the Crown Estate) used to generate the Queen’s private income.</p> <p>According to <em>Newsweek</em>, this estate is estimated to generate around $26 million a year and is used to cover the costs the Sovereign Grant does not.</p> <p>And it doesn’t end there. The Queen also has private collections of valuable furniture and jewellery, which Forbes estimates at $110 million.</p> <p><strong>Prince George and Princess Charlotte’s Net Worth</strong></p> <p><strong>Net worth: $3.6 billion, $5 billion</strong></p> <p>Apparently, being a youngster in the royal monarchy comes with some pretty big bucks. Prince George is estimated at a net worth of $3 billion, but Princess Charlotte takes the cake from the entire family with a whopping $5 billion.</p> <p>The reason for Charlotte’s incredibly high value is in large part due to her fashion influence; taking off closely after her mother, the stylish tot has eyes on her style all over the nation.</p> <p>Deemed as the “Charlotte effect,” a yellow pastel patterned cardigan worn by the princess from a popular British department store sold out in 24 hours, according to Moneyish.</p> <p>Regardless, their substantial value doesn’t mean the royal children can go around flashing their Amex cards whenever they want. Since the royal children haven’t physically received inheritances (or worked a day in their life), their net worths are calculated by their value to the UK economy.</p> <p>Because they believe the children have the potential to drive billions in sales, their net worths have been determined as so.</p> <p><strong>Image:</strong> Getty Images</p> <p><em>Written by Hana Hong. This article first appeared on <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/culture/this-is-how-much-each-person-in-the-british-royal-family-is-actually-worth" target="_blank">Reader’s Digest</a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a rel="noopener" href="http://readersdigest.com.au/subscribe" target="_blank">here’s our best subscription offer</a>.</em></p>

Money & Banking

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The death of the open-plan office? Not exactly but a revolution is in the air

<p>“What will it take to encourage much more widespread reliance on working at home for at least part of each week?” asked Frank Schiff, the chief economist of the US Committee for Economic Development, in <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1979/09/02/working-at-home-can-save-gasoline/ffa475c7-d1a8-476e-8411-8cb53f1f3470/">The Washington Post</a> in 1979.</p> <p>Four decades on, we have the answer.</p> <p>But COVID-19 doesn’t spell the end of the centralised office predicted by futurists since at least the 1970s.</p> <p>The organisational benefits of the “propinquity effect” – the tendency to develop deeper relationships with those we see most regularly – are well-established.</p> <p>The open-plan office will have to evolve, though, finding its true purpose as a collaborative work space augmented by remote work.</p> <p>If we’re smart about it, necessity might turn out to be the mother of reinvention, giving us the best of both centralised and decentralised, collaborative and private working worlds.</p> <p><strong>Cultural resistance</strong></p> <p>Organisational culture, not technology, has long been the key force keeping us in central offices.</p> <p>“That was the case in 1974 and is still the case today,” observed the “father of telecommuting” Jack Nilles <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/what-telecommuting-looked-like-in-1973/418473/?sf43013774=1">in 2015</a>, three decades after he and his University of Southern California colleagues published their landmark report <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/540203">Telecommunications-Transportation Tradeoff: Options for Tomorrow</a>. “The adoption of telework is still well behind its potential.”</p> <p>Until now.</p> <p>But it has taken a pandemic to change the status quo – evidence enough of culture resistance.</p> <p>In his 1979 article, Schiff outlined three key objections to working from home:</p> <ul> <li>how to tell how well workers are doing, or if they are working at all</li> <li>employees’ need for contact with coworkers and others</li> <li>too many distractions.</li> </ul> <p>To the first objection, Schiff responded that experts agreed performance is best judged by output and the organisation’s objectives. To the third, he noted: “In many cases, the opposite is likely to be true.”</p> <p>The COVID-19 experiment so far supports him. Most <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com.au/54-percent-adults-want-mainly-work-remote-after-pandemic-study-2020-5">workers</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/working-from-home-remains-a-select-privilege-its-time-to-fix-our-national-employment-standards-139472">managers</a> are happy with remote working, believe they are performing just as well, and want to continue with it.</p> <p><strong>Personal contact</strong></p> <p>But the second argument – the need for personal contact to foster close teamwork – is harder to dismiss.</p> <p>There is evidence remote workers crave more feedback.</p> <p>As researchers Ethan Bernstein and Ben Waber note in their Harvard Business Review article <a href="https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-truth-about-open-offices">The Truth About Open Offices</a>, published in November 2019, “one of the most robust findings in sociology – proposed long before we had the technology to prove it through data – is that propinquity, or proximity, predicts social interaction”.</p> <p>Waber’s research at the MIT Media Lab demonstrated the probability that any two workers will interact – either in person or electronically – is directly proportional to the distance between their desks. In his 2013 book <a href="https://www.humanyze.com/people-analytics-book/">People Analytics</a> he includes the following results from a bank and information technology company.</p> <p><strong>Experiments in collaboration</strong></p> <p>Interest in fostering collaboration has sometimes led to disastrous workplace experiments. One was the building Frank Gehry designed for the Chiat/Day advertising agency in the late 1980s.</p> <p>Agency boss Jay Chiat envisioned his headquarters as a futuristic step into “flexible work” – but <a href="https://www.wired.com/1999/02/chiat-3/">workers hated</a> the lack of personal spaces.</p> <p>Less dystopian was the Pixar Animation Studios headquarters opened in 2000. Steve Jobs, majority shareholder and chief executive, oversaw the project. He took a keen interest in things like the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/healthy-living/new-work-order-from-google-and-pixar-to-innocent-the-future-of-the-office-starts-here-8687379.html">placement of bathrooms</a>, accessed through the building’s central atrium. “We wanted to find a way to force people to come together,” he said, “to create a lot of arbitrary collisions of people”.</p> <p>Yet Bernstein and Waber’s research shows propinquity is also strong in “campus” buildings designed to promote “serendipitous interaction”. For increased interactions, they say, workers should be “ideally on the same floor”.</p> <p><strong>Being apart</strong></p> <p>How to balance the organisational forces pulling us together with the health forces pushing social distancing?</p> <p>We know COVID-19 spreads most easily between people in enclosed spaces for extended periods. In Britain, research by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine shows workplaces are the most common transmission path for adults aged <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/17/scientists-age-groups-covid-19-workplaces-shops-restaurants">20 to 50</a>.</p> <p>We may have to get used to wearing masks along with plenty of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438463918305911?via%3Dihub">hand sanitising</a> and disinfecting of high-traffic areas and shared facilities, from keyboards to kitchens. Every door knob and lift button is an issue.</p> <p>But space is the final frontier.</p> <p>It’s going to take more than vacating every second desk or imposing barriers like cubicle walls, which largely defeat the point of open-plan offices.</p> <p>An alternative vision comes from real-estate services company Cushman &amp; Wakefield. Its “6 feet office” concept includes more space between desks and lots of visual cues to remind coworkers to maintain physical distances.</p> <p>Of course, to do anything like this in most offices will require a proportion of staff working at home on any given day. It will also mean then end of the individual desk for most.</p> <p>This part may the hardest to handle. We like our personal spaces.</p> <p>We’ll need to balance the sacrifice of sharing spaces against the advantages of working away from the office while still getting to see colleagues in person. We’ll need new arrangements for storing personal items beyond the old locker, and “handover” protocols for equipment and furniture.</p> <p>Offices will also need to need more private spaces for greater use of video conferencing and the like. These sorts of collaborative tools don’t work well if you can’t insulate yourself from distractions.</p> <p>But there’s a huge potential upside with the new open office. A well-managed rotation of office days and seating arrangements could help us get to know more of those colleagues who, because they used to sit a few too many desks away, we rarely talked to.</p> <p>It might just mean the open-plan office finally finds its mojo.</p> <p><em>Written by Andrew Wallace. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-death-of-the-open-plan-office-not-quite-but-a-revolution-is-in-the-air-140724">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

Retirement Life

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Easter lockdown: Exactly what you can and can't do in every state

<p><span>The Prime Minister of Australia has sent a message loud and clear to those thinking of leaving their houses during this Easter long weekend: “Stay home”.</span><br /><br /><span>Each state has their own social distancing measure in place and it can be hard to decipher which police department is responsible for what we are and aren't allowed to do.</span><br /><br /><span>In <strong>NSW</strong>, police say “visiting family/friends over the Easter break to socialise is NOT a reasonable excuse.” No friends are allowed over either, but are allowed to meet in public for exercise only if they can maintain a safe 1.5 metre distance from each other.</span><br /><br /><span>Sadly, while many usually spend the Easter break to catch up with loved ones, the new measures put in place forbid any social visits unless it is caring for a family member at their home.</span><br /><br /><span>In <strong>Queensland</strong>, social distancing measures are a little looser in regards to visiting friends; it is still permitted people keep a safe distance away from each other and only have gatherings of a maximum of two people.</span><br /><br /><span>This rule, as stated by the state’s premier Annastacia Palaszczuk, includes visiting family members as well, however the reason must be for “compassionate and social support,” such as mental health issues, a death or family violence.</span><br /><br /><span><strong>Victoria</strong> is one of the strictest states in the entire country and has declared that social visits are strictly forbidden in most circumstances. Two people are allowed to meet in a public setting for exercise, only if they maintain a safe distance.</span><br /><br /><span><strong>South Australia</strong> and the <strong>Northern Territory</strong> have the least strict rules in place, and maintain that friends are permitted to visit each other and interact but it is highly encouraged to keep the number of guests limited.</span><br /><br /><span>SA’s guidelines strongly discourage groups larger than two meeting, and have a ban on friends or family joining together if there are more than ten people.</span><br /><br /><span><strong>Tasmania</strong> has similar rules to NSW in that people should not meet under any circumstances, except for reasons that fall under “compassionate and social support,” such as mental health issues, a death or family violence.</span><br /><br /><span>Driving for leisure is not permitted in all states and territories, unless it is for an emergency or you are out for an essential reason.</span><br /><br /><span>The 1.5 metre does not apply in a vehicle.</span><br /><br /><span>Victoria police say driving lessons for L platers will not be allowed to continue to take place for the time being.</span><br /><br /><span>All states and territories have placed a temporary ban on using recreational areas – so the simple pleasure of going for a picnic is not allowed.</span><br /><br /><span>All churches have been closed and most services are being live streamed.</span><br /><br /><span>Travelling is strongly discouraged and the Australian government’s website reads that “shopping for essentials, receiving medical care, exercising or travelling to work or education" are the only reasons people are allowed to leave the house.</span><br /><br /><span>No set distance has been placed on residents to show how far they are allowed to travel outside of their homes and cities, but people have been told they can cross their city but do not go “for miles” outside of the city.</span></p>

News

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What exactly does our skin do?

<p>Our skin is a big deal – literally. It’s the largest organ in the body and one of the most complicated. It has many roles in the maintenance of life and health, but also has many potential problems, with more than <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28259441">3,000 possible skin disorders</a>.</p> <p>Not only does the skin hold everything in, it also plays a crucial role in providing an airtight, watertight and flexible barrier between the outside world and the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2843412/">highly regulated systems within the body</a>. It also helps with temperature regulation, immune defence, vitamin production, and sensation.</p> <p>The skin is unique in many ways, but no other organ demands so much attention and concern in both states of disease and health. There is a huge focus on skin health, with fierce competition to have glowing, clearer, healthier, younger and fresher skin. And this focus can cause secondary problems with self-esteem and mental health.</p> <p>So, what exactly is our skin meant to do and how does it impact our life?</p> <p><strong>The structure of the skin</strong></p> <p>The skin is divided into three layers known as the epidermis, dermis and subcutis. These layers are well defined but together they allow the skin to function effectively.</p> <p>The epidermis is the outermost, cellular layer of the skin which varies in thickness depending on the body site. On average it’s <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10354068">less than half a millimetre thick</a>. The epidermis resembles a “brick wall” of cells known as keratinocytes, which are bound tightly together and act to prevent free movement of moisture, pathogens and chemicals into or out of the body.</p> <p>Keratinocytes replicate from the basal layer and work their way up to the outer surface (known as the stratum corneum) over a period of about 28 days. Once they reach the surface the tight bonds between them break apart and they are shed.</p> <p>Other than keratinocytes, pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes and immune cells known as Langerhans cells also exist within the epidermis. Melanocytes inhabit the basement membrane, at the base of the epidermis and produce a pigment known as melanin both innately (giving the skin its natural colour), and in response to ultraviolet light (UV) exposure (giving the skin a sun tan).</p> <p>The melanin is a brown pigment that is taken up into the overlying keratinocytes. This pigment will then absorb UV light (from the sun) when it hits the skin, thereby protecting the basal calls underneath from UV damage.</p> <p>The epidermal cells also develop hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands which extend down into the layer below known as the dermis. The small ducts from each of these glands open onto the skin surface. Sweat and sebum (oil) provide an antibacterial and protective barrier on the skin.</p> <p>The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and is <a href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1294744-overview">20-30 times thicker</a>. It’s made up of a dense layer of fibrous (collagen) and elastic (elastin) tissue. The dermis gives the skin its integrity, strength and elasticity; and houses blood vessels, glands and hair follicles, as well as nerves and their receptors.</p> <p>Beneath the dermis lies the subcutis (also known as the hypodermis), a specialised layer of adipose (fat) and fibrous tissue. The thickness of this layer varies dramatically depending on the site and a person’s body shape and weight. It cushions the body from external trauma, insulates from the cold and stores energy (fat).</p> <p><strong>The function of the skin</strong></p> <p>The extraordinary array of functions performed by healthy skin is still coming to light. The basic day-to-day functions include:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273606002410">Working as a barrier</a> – protecting against water loss as well as physical and chemical injury, and bugs</li> <li>Helping us fight off bugs, allergens, toxins and carcinogens via the parts of our immune system that exist in our skin</li> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24692134">Regulating our temperature</a> by dilating and constricting our blood vessels near the skin surface, controlling the transfer of heat out of the body. Temperature is also regulated by evaporative cooling due to sweat production and by the insulating effect of erect hairs on the skin surface. Heat loss is also affected by the insulating layer of subcutaneous fat</li> <li>Protecting us from UV radiation by <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404235">producing melanin</a></li> <li>Giving us the sense of touch _ providing interaction with physical surroundings, allowing all fine and gross motor activities and allowing pleasurable and sexual stimulation</li> <li>The <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278935/">production of Vitamin D</a>, which helps <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356951/">prevent many diseases</a> including osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, obesity and neurological diseases</li> <li>Wound healing</li> <li>Beauty and physical attraction – the quality and condition of the skin greatly contributes to the perception of health, wellness, youth and beauty.</li> </ul> <p><strong>What is normal skin and how can you optimise it?</strong></p> <p>Normal healthy skin has many important roles and thus should be treated with care and respect. Many people only start focusing on the skin once there is an abnormality or at least a perceived problem.</p> <p>Common concerns include dryness, sensitivity, oiliness, congestion, wrinkles, sun damage and signs of ageing. Although these states are all within the spectrum of normal functional skin, they may be considered problematic if severe or undesirable.</p> <p>Normal, healthy skin that is not exposed to excessive physical or environmental insults may not require any specific care or protection, but for those who want to optimise or improve their skin, some basic steps can make a big difference.</p> <p>The key to skin care is consistency and routine, and it can take time to appreciate the changes. A basic regime of daily protection from excessive UV radiation, protection from excessive irritation and drying (by avoiding drying soaps, excess water or irritating chemicals) and aiding of the skin’s barrier properties (using a moisturising protective layer) will result in noticeable improvement in almost all skin.</p> <p>Switching and changing products and routines is usually counterproductive and will prevent you from seeing expected improvement in time. It’s worth looking after your skin, as you’ll wear it every day for the rest of your life.</p> <p><em>Written by Cara McDonald. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-skin-is-a-very-important-and-our-largest-organ-what-does-it-do-91515">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Where exactly does beach sand come from?

<p>There’s more to beach sand than meets the eye. It has stories to tell about the land, and an epic journey to the sea. That’s because mountains end their lives as sand on beaches.</p> <p>Over time, mountains erode. The mud, sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders they shed are washed into streams, which come together to form rivers. As they flow down to the sea, all this sediment is ground up and worn down in nature’s version of a rock tumbler.</p> <p>Big rocks break down into smaller pieces, so most of what reaches the sea is mud. These silt and clay particles are too small to perceive with the naked eye. But you can see individual grains of sand, which are just bigger bits of rock.</p> <p>Next time you’re at the beach, pick up a handful of sand and look closely at it. Are all the grains the same color, or a rainbow assortment? Are they jagged and angular, or smooth and round?</p> <p>Different colors of sand come from different minerals, like khaki <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feldspar#/media/File:Feldspar_1659.jpg">feldspar</a>, smoky white <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz#/media/File:Quartz,_Tibet.jpg">quartz</a>, green <a href="https://geology.com/minerals/olivine.shtml">olivine</a> or black <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt#/media/File:BasaltUSGOV.jpg">basalt</a>. The mix of colors in beach sand tells you what kinds of rocks produced it.</p> <p>The shape of sand grains also provides clues about where they come from. Angular grains of the same type of sand have not traveled as far as smooth round grains, which have been more worn down. And weak rocks break down to mud faster than hard rocks, so sand tends to be made of the harder types that break down slowly.</p> <p>About a tenth of the supply of sediment that reaches the sea is sand. These particles are between about half a millimeter and 2 millimeters in size – roughly as thick as a penny. These particles are large enough that they don’t flow right out to the deep sea.</p> <p>But the beach is just a temporary stop for sand. Big waves pull it offshore, and smaller waves push it along the coast. So keeping a beach nourished with sand is essential for keeping it sandy.</p> <p>Many beach towns spend millions of dollars to rebuild eroded beaches with new sand.</p> <p>Yet today many beaches are starving. Many dams trap the sand that flows down rivers, piling it up in reservoirs. All in all, human activity has cut off about <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1109454">half the sand</a> that would otherwise end up on the world’s beaches.</p> <p>But humans haven’t turned the waves off, so as beach sand washes away and isn’t replenished, the shoreline erodes. That means that many beaches around the world are shrinking, slowly but surely.</p> <p>So next time you dig your toes into beach sand think about the epic journey it took to arrive beneath your feet. Take a moment to think about where the sand came from and where it’s going.</p> <p><em>Written by David R. Montgomery. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/where-does-beach-sand-come-from-126323">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

Cruising

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