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You’re probably brushing your teeth wrong – here are four tips for better dental health

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/clement-seeballuck-583867">Clement Seeballuck</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dundee-955">University of Dundee</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nicola-innes-388237">Nicola Innes</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dundee-955">University of Dundee</a></em></p> <p>We all know the advice for healthy teeth – brush twice daily and don’t eat too much sugar. So why do those of us following these instructions find we sometimes need a filling when we visit the dentist? The truth is, there’s a little more to preventing tooth decay than these guidelines suggest. Here’s what you need to know.</p> <h2>Brush up on your skills</h2> <p>How you brush makes a big difference. The mechanical act of brushing removes the very sticky dental plaque – a mixture of bacteria, their acids and sticky byproducts and food remnants. It forms naturally on teeth immediately after you’ve eaten but doesn’t get nasty and start to cause damage to the teeth until it reaches a certain stage of maturity. The exact amount of time this takes isn’t known but is at least more than 12 hours.</p> <p>Bacteria consume sugar and, as a byproduct, produce acids which dissolve mineral out of the teeth, leaving microscopic holes we can’t see. If the process isn’t stopped and they aren’t repaired, these can become big, visible cavities.</p> <p>Taking two minutes to brush your teeth is a good target for removing plaque and you should brush at night and one other time daily. Brushing frequently stops the bacteria developing to a stage where the species which produce the most acid can become established.</p> <p>Electric toothbrushes can be <a href="https://www.cochrane.org/CD002281/ORAL_poweredelectric-toothbrushes-compared-to-manual-toothbrushes-for-maintaining-oral-health">more effective than manual brushing</a> and a small toothbrush head helps to reach awkward areas in the mouth, while medium-textured bristles help you clean effectively without causing harm to gums and teeth. The main thing, however, is to get brushing!</p> <h2>Use fluoride toothpaste and disclosing tablets</h2> <p>Most of the benefit from brushing comes from toothpaste. The key ingredient is fluoride, which evidence shows <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002278/full#CD002278-abs-0003">prevents tooth decay</a>. Fluoride replaces lost minerals in teeth and also makes them stronger.</p> <p>For maximum benefit, <a href="https://www.cochrane.org/CD007868/ORAL_comparison-between-different-concentrations-of-fluoride-toothpaste-for-preventing-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adolescents">use toothpaste with 1350-1500 ppmF</a> – that’s concentration of fluoride in parts per million – to prevent tooth decay.</p> <p>Check your toothpaste’s concentration by reading the ingredients on the back of the tube. <a href="https://theconversation.com/childrens-toothpaste-the-facts-80508">Not all children’s toothpastes are strong enough</a> for them to gain maximum benefit. Your dentist may prescribe higher strength fluoride toothpaste based on their assessment of your or your child’s risk of tooth decay.</p> <p>Plaque is difficult to see because it is whitish, like your teeth. Disclosing tablets are available in supermarkets and chemists and they make plaque more visible, showing areas you may have missed when brushing.</p> <h2>Spit, don’t rinse</h2> <p>At night, you produce less saliva than during the day. Because of this, your teeth have less protection from saliva and are more vulnerable to acid attacks. That’s why it’s important to remove food from your teeth before bed so plaque bacteria can’t feast overnight. Don’t eat or drink anything except water <a href="https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign138.pdf">after brushing at night</a>. This also gives fluoride the longest opportunity to work.</p> <p>Once you’ve brushed, don’t rinse your mouth with water or mouthwash – you’re washing away the fluoride! This can be a difficult habit to break, but can <a href="https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign138.pdf">reduce tooth decay by up to 25%</a>.</p> <h2>No more than four ‘sugar hits’</h2> <p>Intrinsic sugars are found naturally in foods like fruit and they are far less likely to cause tooth decay than added or <a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/nutrition/sugar-salt-and-fat/free-sugars">free sugars</a>. Free sugars are generally those added to foods by manufacturers but also include honey, syrup and fruit juices.</p> <p>These are all easy for bacteria to consume, metabolise and produce acids from. However, it can be difficult to tell which are the worst sugars for teeth. For example, although normal amounts of fruit are fine, fruit juices have sugar liberated from the plant cells and heavy consumption can cause decay.</p> <p><a href="http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/">The World Health Organization</a> and <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/how-much-sugar-is-good-for-me/">NHS</a> recommend free sugars should ideally make up less than 5% of your daily calorie intake. So what does this look like? For adults and children over about 11 years old, this is around 30g – about eight teaspoons – of sugar daily.</p> <p>A 330ml can of Coke has <a href="https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/drinks/coca-cola/coca-cola">35g of sugar</a>. The <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.phe.c4lfoodsmart&amp;hl=en_GB">change4life app</a> is helpful to track how much sugar you consume in your diet.</p> <p>Although not as important as how much, how often you eat sugar also matters. Simple carbohydrates like sugar are easier for bacteria to digest than proteins or complex carbohydrates. Bacteria produce acids after they metabolise sugar which causes demineralisation.</p> <p>Fortunately, through the actions of fluoride toothpaste and the remineralising effects of saliva, your teeth can recover from the early stages of these attacks. It’s like having a set of scales – trying to keep the balance between sugars on one side, fluoride toothpaste and cleaning on the other.</p> <p>Typically, your teeth can be exposed to four “sugar hits” – episodes of sugar intake – daily without irreversible damage to the teeth. Why not try counting how many sugary hits you have a day? This includes biscuits, cups of sugary tea or coffee and other snacks with refined carbohydrates like crisps. A simple way of cutting down would be to stop putting sugar in hot drinks and limiting snacking.</p> <p>Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, spit don’t rinse, eat and drink nothing after brushing, and don’t have sugar more than four times daily. Easy!<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/103959/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/clement-seeballuck-583867">Clement Seeballuck</a>, Clinical Lecturer in Paediatric Dentistry, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dundee-955">University of Dundee</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nicola-innes-388237">Nicola Innes</a>, Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-dundee-955">University of Dundee</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/youre-probably-brushing-your-teeth-wrong-here-are-four-tips-for-better-dental-health-103959">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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"A kick in the teeth": Father of Hunter Valley crash victim shares his anger

<p>The father of one of the victims of the deadly Hunter Valley bus crash has spoken out, following news that the driver struck a plea deal. </p> <p>On Wednesday, Brett Andrew Button entered into a plea agreement, which saw 10 manslaughter charges be dropped against the man who was behind the wheel when the bus crashed. </p> <p>He then pled guilty to 10 counts of dangerous driving causing death, nine of dangerous driving causing grievous bodily harm and 16 of furious driving causing bodily harm.</p> <p>After news of the plea deal broke, the father of one of the victims shared how the downgrade in charges felt like "more than a kick in the teeth". </p> <p>"It reopens wounds and triggers and it evokes, obviously, some anger, but I'm trying to be balanced and stick with the facts and hopefully we can achieve some positive outcomes," Adam Bray told <a href="https://9now.nine.com.au/a-current-affair/hunter-valley-wedding-bus-crash-manslaughter-charges-dropped/d55638e1-690f-41e1-967c-6c714ccbb501" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>A Current Affair</em></a>. </p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C6s9sJvsnxh/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/C6s9sJvsnxh/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by A Current Affair (@acurrentaffair9)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Mr Bray's son, 29-year-old Zach was one of the 10 people who tragically died in the crash. </p> <p>"Five weeks ago we were running 89 charges, including 10 charges of manslaughter."</p> <p>"Thirty six hours before the court today, all the families were told, sold a bit of a story to be honest ... that's extremely disappointing and I'll continue to fight."</p> <p>"It's totally wrong and does it need to take these 10 lives to fix bus and coach safety in Australia?"</p> <p>Mr Bray's comments come as reports emerged that Mr Button had a drug dependency and had prescription painkillers in his system at the time of the crash.</p> <p>"It's criminal to drive a vehicle, a heavy vehicle in Australia, particularly with 35 passengers on board, when you are medicated," Bray said.</p> <p>"So to reduce to lesser charges, it's not balanced.</p> <p>Bray's emotions ran high as he described his son as an "incredible man" who had overcome stage 3 bowel cancer before the fatal crash.</p> <p><em>A Current Affair</em> host Ally Langdon told the grieving father. "I'm so sorry that you are going through this. I'm so sorry the process played out as it has. It's not fair."</p> <p>Following the emotional court proceedings, Mr Bray said he felt like his emotions over the tragedy were "pretty much back to square one".</p> <p>"(I am) processing it. Yep, another massive challenge. We'll do our best to get through it, but also try to get law reform so that 10 beautiful people did not die in vain."</p> <p>"It's far from fair, let's try to rally around government, try to rally around the attorney general, get some public opinion, let's try to create some fairness, it's all we can do."</p> <p><em>Image credits: A Current Affair / Getty Images </em></p>

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What happens to teeth as you age? And how can you extend the life of your smile?

<p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/arosha-weerakoon-792707">Arosha Weerakoon</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p>A healthy smile <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37314011/">helps us</a> live long, well and happy lives. But just <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37436910/">like our bodies</a>, our teeth succumb to age-related changes.</p> <p>So what happens to teeth as you age? And what can you do to ensure your smile lasts the distance?</p> <h2>First, what are teeth made of?</h2> <p>The tooth crown is covered by a hard enamel coat that surrounds softer, brown dentine, which protects a centrally located pulp.</p> <p>Enamel is a complex weave of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584618/">brittle</a>, honeycomb-clustered strands that interact with light to make teeth appear opalescent (a pearly, milky iridescence).</p> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00269.x">Dentine under enamel</a> forms most of the tooth crown and root, and is made of collagen, mineral, water and proteins. Collagen strands are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996922002102?via%3Dihub#bib12">woven</a> to stretch and spring back, to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996922002102?via%3Dihub#bib12">prevent teeth</a> from cracking and breaking when we grind and chew.</p> <p>The pulp has blood vessels and nerves that communicate with the rest of your body.</p> <p>Enmeshed in the dentine mineral and collagen are small, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8809302/">interconnected tubules</a> formed by specialised cells called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047847799940960">odontoblasts</a> that settle around the pulp, once our teeth completely form.</p> <p>Each tooth contains a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23803461/">finite number of odontoblasts</a>, unlike the constantly replenished special bone cells that renew.</p> <h2>How do our teeth change as we age?</h2> <p>Unable to renew, our teeth <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996922002102?via%3Dihub#bib19">become brittle</a>, and prone to fracture as dentine loses its spring.</p> <p>This is <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002817714613532?casa_token=1K9Y6CJXmsAAAAAA:t6y_b_Iy02AWpUGaiz4H8Fk0Kdfx6z1ypHiGOEjFqFNlU1jvSRCVjfYOyysgIErJvgCzh33c2hfX">more common</a> in teeth with existing crack lines, large fillings or root canal treatments.</p> <p>With time, the outer surface of enamel <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022391305004348?casa_token=xXfdecXrLaoAAAAA:YE_0swAFtT3RyCUeJmPwciixQ0hwL-foLyC2RGtnlyUSJ9O-pPLQz0B8XNd4Gq1AMtCN2BgnCrqo">thins</a> to reveal the relatively opaque dentine that darkens as we age.</p> <p>The dentine darkens because the collagen weave <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047847722000697">stiffens and shrinks</a>, and the fluid in the tubules <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590152422000010?via%3Dihub">fills with mineral</a>.</p> <p>The odontoblasts continue to form dentine inside the tooth to reduce the translucent pulp space. The increase in dentine makes our teeth appear <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003996913003294">opaque</a> and insulates from hot and cold sensations. This is why <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300571215000494?casa_token=iiLtoxOZOYQAAAAA:RfaGR7lrq9dgWuO_nh6hLETzVUiIWdu-mB-Ev019vZH5t6meVyAHs3YpZzcu9FNrDBYQL6OExu6j">X-rays</a> are useful to detect cavities we may not feel.</p> <p>Food and drink particles fill micro-gaps and age-related fine crack lines that run up and down enamel to <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yash-Kapadia/publication/322509199_Tooth_staining_A_review_of_etiology_and_treatment_modalities/links/5b4cd922a6fdcc8dae245b7d/Tooth-staining-A-review-of-etiology-and-treatment-modalities.pdf">discolour and stain</a>. These stains are easily managed by <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772559622000207">tooth whitening</a>.</p> <p>How else can you extend the life of your teeth and brighten your smile? Here are seven tips to avoid dental decline:</p> <h2>1. Avoid unnecessary forces</h2> <p>Avoid <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2012.722">using</a> your teeth to hold things such as working tools or to open packaging.</p> <p>Take measures to avoid forces such as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1882761622000059">grinding or clenching</a> by wearing a night guard.</p> <p>If you have <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564122002421">large fillings</a> or <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564122001579?casa_token=kQPjGNgU2iQAAAAA:ytMnT5MLV8aRehNyyWD7qC7FXSBE5xpPCxnzZ2ryKsuyJePq1jHisue1udtN0Cs6NDYJ37xYHy_5">root canal-treated</a> teeth, speak to your dentist about <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aej.12002?casa_token=RwMhhwmgjwwAAAAA%3AGCWVA9vjFX68S2DdKbCFl4jwTAjMeqVDoT3GtXTSjA7SMEc3ksktOMCUSz9ArikD4XhBM5v08nGCvmVF0g">specific filling materials or crowns</a> that can protect your teeth from cracking or breaking.</p> <h2>2. Share the load</h2> <p>If you are missing molars or premolars, distribute chewing forces evenly to prevent overloading your remaining teeth.</p> <p>Replace missing teeth with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S010956411100858X?casa_token=4vrj3ssj0PEAAAAA:UODaFxNDCKmQ_lQs1faL6lh0xIeIfSFrRQBq-s0KF1ZvUJd6ytbXX37TVaiHLRzJPJaSDF_2aVmL">bridges</a>, <a href="https://aap.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1902/jop.2008.080188?casa_token=uA0r7imcRbUAAAAA%3AeXGszI5-Dcu4oKi33FCrRRviiAj0uyoP7V5wApIRQD1-1Zu-rkLAcoLhKMAJYVnC9tEnxj33UdNJIndEBA">implants</a> or well-fitted <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/13/6776">dentures</a> to support your bite. Get your dentures <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022391320301554">checked regularly</a> to ensure they fit and support adequately, and replace them at least every ten years.</p> <h2>3. Preserve your enamel</h2> <p>Reduce <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcpe.12330?casa_token=W2Ib34A77-QAAAAA%3AnLZtwwqZuueyHf1CMX0K9MERSW_Pvc3w0KlpArFT1KNusuopjEUcWmGd8pDUA7fQcj6DMkcS-JnXISFV1w">further enamel and dentine loss</a> by selecting soft-bristled <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00016350802195041?casa_token=E-ErdP543QUAAAAA%3A0Wz5AWwQxntBIc3UndFX_5nVbAYoPDx-PX1tg7Umxjr_QepX3CSIFVXYcrrxWV9iTx99Afk8c_zff-o">tooth brushes and non-abrasive toothpastes</a>.</p> <p>Certain whitening toothpastes can be abrasive, which can <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8874033/">roughen and wear</a> the tooth surfaces. If you are unsure, stick with toothpastes that are labelled “sensitive”.</p> <p>Reduce your exposure to <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2012.722">acid</a> in food (think lemons or apple cider vinegar) or illness (reflux or vomiting) where possible to maintain enamel and prevent erosion.</p> <h2>4. Enhance your saliva</h2> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jtxs.12356?casa_token=1moXbwnrDQIAAAAA%3AHz3Im9lmR3h75TmG8FSUQH-8_0UGnQ9TNkgaPL79LlrCmwC3kzZZJaAB2mSZHf4X7PX5y3GKaVoY5cm5JA">Saliva</a> protects against acid attacks, flushes our teeth, and has antibacterial properties to reduce erosion and decay (holes forming).</p> <p>Saliva is also important to help us chew, swallow and speak.</p> <p>But our saliva quality and quantity reduces because of age-related changes to our salivary glands as well as certain medications prescribed to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19392837/">manage chronic illnesses</a> such as depression and high blood pressure.</p> <p>Speak to your doctor about other medication options to improve your saliva or manage reflux disease to prevent erosion.</p> <h2>5. Treat gum disease</h2> <p>Aesthetically, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37358230/">treating gum disease (periodontitis)</a> reduces gum shrinkage (recession) that typically exposes the relatively darker tooth roots that are more <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00220345231166294">prone to developing holes</a>.</p> <h2>6. Manage and prevent senescence</h2> <p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36908187/">Cellular senescence</a> is the process that changes DNA in our cells to reduce our ability to withstand physical, chemical or biological damage.</p> <p>Cellular senescence enhances new cancer formation, the spread of existing cancers and the onset of chronic illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and heart disease.</p> <p>You can prevent cell damage by managing lifestyle factors such as smoking, uncontrolled diabetes and chronic infections such as gum disease.</p> <h2>7. Adapt and ask for help</h2> <p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jan.15769?casa_token=SC-LouFQThsAAAAA%3A4jcvLRuJ56dGEm7ttvMad65hvUoZ7V5nvILg5sLFVZo8jxyQGR6YFeTcfM8sByTbdVrCWR1O5ytI3Z_crA">Ageing</a> can affect our cognition, hand dexterity and eyesight to prevent us from cleaning our teeth and gums as effectively as we once could.</p> <p>If this describes you, talk to your dental care team. They can help clean your teeth, and <a href="https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/full/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.9.520?casa_token=_rol0NXx9c8AAAAA%3Aq8zgxiMSASwF1MRQZnZzfzmttn2x7FfGwsiIv71C_s_PTTmGD9JOIbqqtLNXa0oF9ogOjOCZwwpwB94">recommend products and tools</a> to fit your situation and abilities.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/215786/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/arosha-weerakoon-792707"><em>Arosha Weerakoon</em></a><em>, Senior Lecturer, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland and General Dentist., <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-happens-to-teeth-as-you-age-and-how-can-you-extend-the-life-of-your-smile-215786">original article</a>.</em></p>

Body

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What it means when your teeth fall out in a dream

<p dir="ltr">Dreaming of your teeth falling out is never pleasant, but surprisingly and unfortunately they’re one of the most common types of dreams people experience and there are a few reasons why. </p> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation"><strong>1. Insecurity or shame</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Dreams often represent feelings more than literal symbolism, and teeth falling out can represent issues with confidence and self-esteem. To interpret this dream, think about any areas of your life where you are experiencing shame or self-doubt.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>2. Rebirth or transformation</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">A theory popularised by renowned psychiatrist Carl Jung suggests that teeth falling out in a dream could represent a type of rebirth or transformation. Losing teeth is not necessarily a bad omen, but rather could be a sign of growth or positive changes, as adult teeth come in afterwards.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>3. Loss or grief</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Losing teeth in a dream could represent a real-life loss or grief, and if the subconscious is trying to assimilate a real-life loss, it could lead to ‘losing’ things or parts of you in your sleep.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>4. Lack of control </strong></p> <p dir="ltr">Another popular idea is that losing your teeth in a dream is about control, more so a lack thereof. It’s important to consider if there is something in your life that makes you feel powerless, such as an issue out of your control or a sudden change.</p> <p dir="ltr"><strong>5. Literal dental issues</strong></p> <p dir="ltr">There is a possibility that dreaming of your teeth falling out could represent literal dental issues. Researchers in the Frontiers in Psychology study found that teeth dreams often correlated with dental irritation. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p>

Mind

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19 handy uses for toothpaste that have nothing to do with your teeth

<h2>Remove scuffs from shoes</h2> <p>A little toothpaste does an amazing job of removing scuffs from leather shoes. Just squirt a dab on the scuffed area and rub with a soft cloth. Wipe clean with a damp cloth. The leather will look like new.</p> <h2>Clean your piano keys</h2> <p>Has tickling the ivories left them a bit dingy? Clean them up with toothpaste and a toothbrush, then wipe them down with a damp cloth. Makes sense, since ivory is essentially elephant teeth. However, toothpaste will work just as well on modern pianos that usually have keys covered with plastic rather than real ivory.</p> <h2>Clean your sneakers</h2> <p>Want to clean and whiten the rubber part of your sneakers? Get out the non-gel toothpaste and an old toothbrush. After scrubbing, clean off the toothpaste with a damp cloth.</p> <h2>Clean your clothes iron</h2> <p>The mild abrasive in non-gel toothpaste is just the ticket for scrubbing the gunk off the bottom plate of your clothes iron. Apply the toothpaste to the cool iron, scrub with a rag, then rinse clean.</p> <h2>Polish a diamond ring</h2> <p>Put a little toothpaste on an old toothbrush and use it to make your diamond ring sparkle instead of your teeth. Clean off the residue with a damp cloth.</p> <h2>Deodorise baby bottles</h2> <p>Baby bottles inevitably pick up a sour-milk smell. Toothpaste will remove the odour in a jiffy. Just put some on your bottle brush and scrub away. Be sure to rinse thoroughly.</p> <h2>Prevent fogged goggles</h2> <p>Whether you are doing woodworking or going skiing or scuba diving, nothing is more frustrating (and sometimes dangerous) than fogged goggles. Prevent the problem by coating the goggles with toothpaste and then wiping them off.</p> <h2>Prevent bathroom mirrors from fogging</h2> <p>Ouch! You cut yourself shaving and it’s no wonder – you can’t see your face clearly in that fogged-up bathroom mirror. Next time, coat the mirror with non-gel toothpaste and wipe it off before you get in the shower. When you get out, the mirror won’t be fogged.</p> <h2>Shine bathroom and kitchen chrome</h2> <p>They make commercial cleaners with a very fine abrasive designed to shine up chrome, but if you don’t have any handy, the fine abrasive in non-gel toothpaste works just as well. Just smear on the toothpaste and polish with a soft, dry cloth.</p> <h2>Clean the bathroom sink</h2> <p>Non-gel toothpaste works as well as anything else to clean the bathroom sink. The tube’s sitting right there, so just squirt some in, scrub with a sponge, and rinse it out. Bonus: the toothpaste will kill any odours emanating from the drain trap.</p> <h2>Remove crayon from walls</h2> <p>Did crayon-toting kids get creative on your wall? Roll up your sleeves and grab a tube of non-gel toothpaste and a rag or – better yet – a scrub brush. Squirt the toothpaste on the wall and start scrubbing. The fine abrasive in the toothpaste will rub away the crayon every time. Rinse the wall with water.</p> <h2>Remove ink or lipstick stains from fabric</h2> <p>Oh no, a pen opened up in the pocket of your favourite shirt! This may or may not work, depending on the fabric and the ink, but it is certainly worth a try before consigning the shirt to the scrap bin. Put non-gel toothpaste on the stain and rub the fabric vigorously together. Rinse with water. Did some of the ink come out? Great! Repeat the process a few more times until you get rid of all the ink. The same process works for lipstick</p> <h2>Remove watermarks from furniture</h2> <p>You leave coasters around. But some people just won’t use them. To get rid of those telltale watermark rings left by sweating beverages, gently rub some non-gel toothpaste on the wood with a soft cloth. Then wipe it off with a damp cloth and let it dry before applying furniture polish.</p> <h2>Clear up pimples</h2> <p>Dab a bit of non-gel, non-whitening toothpaste on the offending spot, and it should be dried up by morning. The toothpaste dehydrates the pimple and absorbs the oil. This remedy works best on pimples that have come to a head. Caution: this remedy may be irritating to sensitive skin.</p> <h2>Clean smells from hands</h2> <p>The ingredients in toothpaste that deodorise your mouth will work on your hands as well. If you’ve gotten into something stinky, wash your hands with toothpaste, and they’ll smell great.</p> <h2>Stop bug bites from itching</h2> <p>Put toothpaste on your bug bite to keep it from itching. Dab a dime-sized amount onto your bug bite. This method also helps to cool down burns on your skin.</p> <h2>Remove a stain from the carpet</h2> <p>Rub toothpaste into the stain on the carpet with a toothbrush or sponge. Rinse with water and repeat until the stain comes up.</p> <h2>Clean your foggy headlights</h2> <p>Make the headlights on your car shine like new. Put toothpaste onto a sponge and scrub your headlight in circular motions. Wipe the toothpaste off with a damp cloth.</p> <h2>Remove small scratches from your phone screen</h2> <p>Rub toothpaste on the front or back of your phone (wherever there are scratches). The toothpaste will work to reduce the look of the scratches and make your phone screen look much better.</p> <p><em>Image credit: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/diy-tips/19-handy-uses-for-toothpaste-that-have-nothing-to-do-with-your-teeth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>. </em></p>

Home Hints & Tips

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9 habits that secretly annoy your dentist

<h2>The importance of maintaining dental health</h2> <p>Maintaining good dental health does more than just keep your pearly whites bright. Recent research – such as one 2020 study – has found that poor oral hygiene is connected with other physical conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease.</p> <p>A recent report from the American Heart Association also found a link between poor dental care and declining brain health. But even if you’re brushing, flossing, and up-to-date with professional cleanings, dentists say many of us are guilty of some lifestyle and oral health habits that could be doing our mouths more harm than good.</p> <h2>Your love for citrus</h2> <p>Most people are aware that soft drinks are damaging to teeth, says dentist, Dr Arthur Jeske. “Others may be less obvious,” Dr Jeske says, like your morning smoothie with a squirt of lime juice or the lemon wedge you add to a beer or cocktail. This is because the high acidity levels in many fruits (even grapes and peaches are quite acidic) can cause demineralisation, “which means [they] can literally dissolve your tooth enamel over time.”</p> <p>Dr Jeske’s recommendation: drinking plain water after eating or drinking can help reduce fruits’ impact on your teeth.</p> <h2>That firm toothbrush</h2> <p>“Many people believe brushing with firmer toothbrush bristles and abrasive toothpaste will make their teeth cleaner and whiter,” says dental surgeon, Dr James Galati. But these products (and heavy-handed brushing in general) can actually damage teeth by taking off the protective enamel and traumatising gum tissue around the teeth – leading to receding gums and root exposure. Instead, aim for soft-bristle brushes and toothpastes with fluoride.</p> <h2>Overusing whitening toothpastes</h2> <p>Toothpastes vary widely in their abrasiveness, Dr Jeske explains. A product’s Relative Dentin Abrasion Value (RDA) is categorised by low, medium, and high abrasiveness.</p> <p>If you brush frequently, for instance, you may want to stick with a product on the lower end of the spectrum (this ranges from zero to 250, and Dr Jeske says you can look up the RDA for specific products online). But he points out that most whitening toothpastes tend to be among the more abrasive. That doesn’t mean you have to avoid them altogether, but he recommends using them less frequently in your routine and swapping in a gentler toothpaste to avoid excessive wear.</p> <h2>Brushing right after eating</h2> <p>It’s important to wait 15 to 30 minutes after eating or drinking before brushing your teeth, says dentist, Dr Jacquelyn Schieck. “[This time] allows the pH of the mouth to revert to neutral, which prevents brushing away enamel that’s been softened by acids in foods or beverages.”</p> <h2>Improper flossing</h2> <p>If you floss daily, you’re already ahead of the curve when it comes to your dental health. Population research is limited, but according to the Australian Dental Association only 25 per cent of Australian adults floss their teeth every day. So three quarters of Australian adults don’t floss daily.</p> <p>Still, “while flossing is considered a ‘gold standard’ for cleaning between the teeth and promoting gum health, it may not be as effective if used improperly,” Dr Jeske explains. For example, interdental cleaners – tiny, round brushes with handles – are recommended over string floss for certain people, such as those with more advanced gum disease. Your dentist and dental hygienist can advise you on what type of floss is best for you and how to use it effectively.</p> <p>Flossing technique is important, too: you want to be sure to thread your floss into your gums to make sure you’re effectively loosening food and other debris.</p> <h2>Charcoal toothpaste</h2> <p>Dr Galati says that one of the more potentially harmful internet fads he’s seen is charcoal-based toothpaste, powders, or tabs. These products are often promoted as eco-friendly, ‘natural’ teeth cleaners that can remove surface stains to whiten teeth and absorb bacteria that cause bad breath.</p> <p>But Dr Galati says that most charcoal-based toothpastes are very abrasive and can cause damage that makes your teeth more susceptible to decay and bone loss. Plus, “there are no studies showing they whiten teeth any better than standard toothpastes,” he says.</p> <h2>Your high stress levels</h2> <p>High stress levels and a demanding work or life environment have been linked to increased dental health problems, Dr Galati says. Stress can make you more prone to grinding and clenching your teeth, for example, which leads to excessive wear. Unconscious nervous habits like chewing on fingernails, hairpins, pen caps, or ice can cause similar damage, Dr Shieck adds.</p> <h2>Lying to your dentist</h2> <p>Medical professionals are there to help you, not judge your habits. Accurate information – including your lifestyle habits like smoking, vaping, diet, and alcohol use, dental habits, and medications or supplements you take – is crucial for your dentist to properly identify dental problems and design the optimal treatment plan. “Some misrepresentations are easy to detect,” Dr Jeske says, like if someone says they brush and floss twice a day but their gums bleed during a dental exam. “But others may confuse the diagnosis or delay it, resulting in additional harm,” (and often, financial costs.)</p> <h2>DIY orthodontics</h2> <p>“[This] is one of the most dangerous and concerning fads I’ve seen online,” says Dr Schieck. The movement of teeth is a complex biological process that requires a highly-trained doctor’s oversight to avoid harmful consequences. “It’s amazing what people will try,” she says. “But trying at-home aligner systems in the absence of orthodontic guidance, using elastics or other household items to move teeth, or even attempting to 3D-print appliances yourself is not safe or effective.”</p> <p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/healthsmart/9-habits-that-secretly-annoy-your-dentist" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>. </em></p> <p><em>Images: Getty</em></p>

Body

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The part of your teeth you’ve been forgetting to brush

<p>Like so many things in life, brushing your teeth is a matter of quality over quantity. There’s no point in brushing your teeth four times a day if you’re doing it the wrong way.</p> <p>Jessica Hilburg, DDS and associate dean for clinical affairs at the NYC College of Dentistry, was recently asked by the Huffington Post about the most-common errors people make when they give their mouth the old once-over.</p> <p>"Sometimes people forget to brush the insides of their teeth, the surfaces that face the tongue and the palate," Hilburg said. "Sometimes people forget these areas because we don't see them when we look in the mirror. Food and plaque can buildup in these areas so it's just as important to brush there as it is on the front of our teeth where we can easily see."</p> <p>Hilburg added not brushing your teeth long enough or using the wrong amount of pressure while brushing your teeth is equally incorrect and can ultimately be damaging.</p> <p>"Applying too much pressure while brushing could damage gums and be abrasive to the teeth," she said. "Applying too little pressure while brushing just isn't as effective and will not remove the plaque as well as using gentle pressure. (Also) just rubbing the toothbrush back and forth in long strokes will not do as good a job as the short strokes because the short strokes allow you to get in between the teeth much better."</p> <p>She added, "The 'right amount of pressure' is pressure that feels comfortable, does not crush the bristles of the toothbrush (too much pressure) and of course leaves your teeth feeling and looking clean."</p> <p>What are your thoughts?</p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Caring

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Dentist slams dangerous “aesthetic” teeth hacks

<p dir="ltr">A dental surgeon has slammed a series of online hacks that show people attempting their own DIY dental work to achieve the perfect smile. </p> <p dir="ltr">Prominent Queensland dental surgeon Dr Heath Fraser has argued against grim TikTok viral trends that have people trying to whiten and straighten their teeth at home, saying these “tips” can cause serious damage. </p> <p dir="ltr">Among the worst offenders was a woman who filmed herself filing down her teeth using a nail file and promoted the tactic as a cheap way to get a straight smile. </p> <p dir="ltr">The bizarre video amassed thousands of views, with copycat users claiming they had also tried the hack and experienced no lasting damage. </p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Fraser, however, revealed people who filed their teeth could be setting themselves up for “invasive procedures such as fillings, crowns, veneers and even root canal treatment to resolve the erosion issue”.</p> <p dir="ltr">He described filing teeth as “highly irresponsible” and explained that “once tooth enamel has been removed it is impossible to regenerate”.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Even when performed in the dental chair by a professional, patients run the risk of eroding their tooth enamel,” he said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Other problematic “hacks” saw millions of TikTok users exposed to highly dangerous teeth whitening methods involving the use of household cleaners and hydrogen peroxide as a teeth scrub.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Fraser said there were enormous consequences for people who used these products on their teeth, saying they posed “irreversible risks to the health of your teeth”.</p> <p dir="ltr">Other users were desperate to straighten their teeth, as they shared how they tried using elastic hair bands in place of braces.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Fraser condemned the method, as one video racked up millions of views promoting the use of elastic bands. </p> <p dir="ltr">“Using elastic bands may work to move your teeth, but not in the aesthetic way you probably desire. The thin, tight elastic bands used by users on social media can penetrate the gum, severely damaging the soft tissue in your mouth which may ultimately lead to serious irreversible damage, including your tooth falling out from the root,” he said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr Fraser reminded people that for any dental work, attending a dentist is always the safest and most effective option. </p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: TikTok</em></p>

Beauty & Style

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4 ways to straighten your teeth

<div title="Page 1"> <div> <div> <p>Crooked and misaligned teeth are common in many children and adults. If your teeth are not severely crooked, there’s no need to straighten them. However, if you’re hiding your smile and the condition is taking a toll on your confidence or causing speech or health issues, modern dentistry makes it possible to realign them.</p> <p>In this article, we share some dental procedures to help straighten your smile or at least reduce the appearance of slightly crooked or misaligned teeth.</p> <p><strong>1. Braces </strong></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>In terms of straightening teeth, metal braces are the most popular procedure used. Braces are a great choice for people of any age, provided that their gums and teeth are strong enough to hold them. It’s particularly beneficial for kids who still have flexible and malleable bone tissues and gums.</p> <p>In general, braces work by exerting constant pressure on your jaws and teeth to change their position and straighten your smile. Due to the gradual pressure, the treatment can take about two to three years, subject to the dental brace type you choose and the severity of teeth misalignment. You may choose from the following types of dental braces:</p> <p>● Metal Braces</p> <p>This is what most people think of when talking about braces. This classic brace comes with individual brackets glued and attached to each tooth. A flexible archwire then connects each bracket, putting pressure on your jawline and teeth. This archwire is attached to the brackets using elastic O-rings.</p> <p>Metal braces are often the best choice for someone with more complicated dental alignment problems.</p> <p>● Invisible Braces</p> <p>This type of dental brace is nearly invisible and is meant to be worn by adults and teens only. Unlike metal braces, invisible braces like Invisalign use clear plastic aligners that are custom- made to fit your teeth. They have a snug fit, much like a mouth guard, that creates pressure and gradually moves your teeth into position. In general, this should be removed and replaced twice a month to ensure a perfect fit.</p> <p>Take note, however, that invisible braces may take a lot longer to straighten your teeth than metal braces. The upside is that it’s painless and more flexible than traditional braces. You may check out the <a href="https://www.ariadental.net.au/dental-articles/how-does-invisalign-work/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Invisalign procedures explained</a> online if you want to learn more.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div title="Page 2"> <div> <div> <p>● Ceramic Braces</p> <p>Ceramic braces work like metal braces; however, they are less visible and more discreet. This is because ceramic braces are made of clear, tooth-coloured material, so they don’t stand as much as metal brackets.</p> <p>Ceramic braces are popular among patients who want the aligning power of braces but want it to be discreet like Invisalign. They are also more affordable than metal braces, making them an appealing option for those on a budget.</p> <p>However, ceramic braces are slightly bigger than metal braces. Besides, depending on your brushing habits and diet, ceramic braces may be prone to staining. They are also less durable than metal brackets and can break easily.</p> <p>● Lingual Braces</p> <p>Did you know that the side of your teeth facing your tongue is called the lingual surface? That said, lingual braces are a type of invisible braces placed on this surface. This means that brackets are attached to the back sides of your teeth.</p> <p>Lingual braces are the most specialised and least common type of braces available. This is because they require a different set of orthodontic skills. Due to their rarity, lingual braces can be expensive.</p> <p>Because they are placed in the teeth, it’s best for those who don’t want noticeable braces. This type of dental brace may also take longer to work and get used to. Plus, it’s more difficult to clean. Lingual braces are also not suitable for severely crooked or misaligned teeth but are more effective in correcting most bite issues.</p> <p>● Self-Litigating Braces</p> <p>Self-litigating braces are similar to metal and ceramic braces, relying on brackets and wires to move your teeth into place. The only difference is that self-litigating braces use brackets with clips or doors to hold the wire, instead of an elastic rubber O-ring.</p> <p>Like traditional metal braces, self-litigating braces will still need periodic adjustments. However, orthodontist visits are generally shorter because your dentist only needs to open, adjust, and shut the self-litigating brackets instead of replacing individual O-rings. Self-litigating braces are also easier to clean because there are no rubber ligatures that trap food particles. Likewise, some patients experience less discomfort with self-litigating braces.</p> <p><strong>2. Veneers </strong></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Veneers are wafer-thin shells of tooth-coloured materials attached to the front of your teeth. This helps cover minor imperfections, including discoloured, stained, chipped, crooked, and misaligned teeth. If you’re dealing with minor teeth misalignment, then veneers can help create the appearance of straighter, <a href="https://oversixty.com.au/lifestyle/beauty-style/9-foods-to-avoid-to-keep-your-teeth-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener">brighter teeth</a> without the pain and discomfort of regular braces.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div title="Page 3"> <div> <div> <p>However, note that veneers are semi-permanent. Thus, you’ll need to replace them every 5-10 years, depending on your oral hygiene. Additionally, your dentist will need to buff away some of the enamel on the teeth’s surface to attach the veneers.</p> <p><strong>3. Dental Crowns </strong></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>Dental crowns, also known as dental caps, are used to cover and reinforce a damaged tooth or set of teeth. In addition to protecting a severely decayed tooth after a root canal or filling, dental crowns can also be used to straighten your smile.</p> <p>In particular, crowns are useful when you need to change the colour, shape, or size of a tooth to match neighbouring teeth. You can choose crown materials that match your natural teeth as closely as possible. This creates the appearance of a straight and perfectly aligned smile. Dental crowns are also quite durable, allowing you to have a straighter smile for years to come.</p> <p><strong>4. Teeth-Straightening Surgery </strong></p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>If you have severely crooked teeth and you want a faster way to straighten them, then teeth- straightening surgery is your best option.</p> <p>For slightly crooked teeth, your orthodontist may suggest a minor surgical procedure to reposition your gums and bones to hold your teeth in place.</p> <p>However, for severely misaligned or crooked teeth that affect your chewing or speech, your dentist may recommend a more involved surgery designed to completely realign your jaw, also known as <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/jaw-surgery/about/pac-20384990#:~:text=Jaw%20surgery%2C%20also%20known%20as,also%20improve%20your%20facial%20appearance." target="_blank" rel="noopener">orthognathic surgery</a>.</p> <p><strong>Takeaway </strong></p> <p>Having straight, perfectly aligned teeth not only gives you a charming and beautiful smile but also offers several health benefits, including a cleaner mouth and reduced risk of developing tartars and tooth decay.</p> <p>As you can see, you have various options to get your teeth realigned. However, the best procedure to straighten your teeth will depend on several factors, including your oral health history and the severity of the issue. In general, your dentist can help you decide on the best solution for your needs.</p> <p><em><strong>This is a sponsored article produced in partnership with <a href="https://www.ariadental.net.au/dental-articles/how-does-invisalign-work/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aria Dental</a>.</strong></em></p> </div> </div> </div>

Body

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4 habits that are surprisingly bad for your teeth

<p>While we’d never go weeks without taking a shower or eating, why is it that so many of us are guilty at neglecting our teeth every day? Just as much as taking care of your teeth is about keeping them clean and your breath fresh, it’s also about preventative maintenance.</p> <p>How many of these bad oral health habits are you guilty of? </p> <p><strong>Not visiting the dentist enough</strong></p> <p>Even if you think you go above and beyond when looking after your oral health – think brushing, flossing, and even use a special set of dental tools remove plaque – that still doesn’t mean you can skip your yearly cleaning at the dentist’s office.</p> <p>Make sure to schedule an appointment at least once a year.</p> <p><strong>Brushing from side to side</strong></p> <p>If you clean your teeth twice a day you deserve a pat on the back, right? Simply sticking a toothbrush in your mouth and moving it around is not enough. Good tooth brushing requires a certain technique. This does not involve any side-to-side action. Rather you’ll want to go in small circles. Forceful side-to-side brushing combined with an abrasive toothpaste can actually damage the teeth.</p> <p>You also need to ensure you brush along the gum line and the back of your teeth to loosen bacteria. Another big brushing mistake? Not doing it for long enough. While most people would’ve heard that the ideal length of time is two minutes, this is an arbitrary number, rather you should brush until you completely get all sides of every single tooth.</p> <p><strong>Using a non-fluoride toothpaste</strong></p> <p>Not all toothpastes are created equal! Some toothpastes, especially natural ones, brand themselves as fluoride-free, even though you need fluoride to achieve the healthiest mouth possible.</p> <p>Fluoride is essential because unless you remove absolutely every bit of plaque each day, fluoride can help replace the minerals worn away by bacteria-produced acid.</p> <p><strong>Chewing on ice</strong></p> <p>While chewing ice can be very refreshing, given that teeth don’t have great fracture resistance, it’s not a good habit to get in. Furthermore, as ice will take your mouth from warm to cold – and this tends to make things expand and contract very slightly – it can be enough to put little micro-cracks in your enamel.</p> <p>You can get away with it for a while, but the little cracks in your teeth can build up and one day, a piece might just break off.</p> <p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Caring

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Sink your teeth into Adam Liaw’s new podcast

<p dir="ltr"><em>Masterchef </em>winner, celebrity chef, and writer Adam Liaw has added another string to his bow with the launch of his first podcast, <em>How Taste Changed the World</em>.</p> <p dir="ltr">The seven-part series, launched with Audible, sees Liaw explore the science and history behind our five tastes - salty, sweet, bitter, sour and umami - and how they have impacted everything from economics and agriculture to why we pair red wine with meat.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I’m very excited to be launching my first podcast,” Liaw told OverSixty.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Taste has been the driving force behind human civilization since before it even began, and the food we choose to eat has more meaning that we can even imagine.”</p> <p dir="ltr">Each 30-minute episode is an immersive and thought-provoking deep-dive into each of the tastes, as well as what even counts as a taste and what the future looks like.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-a3113fe2-7fff-5fe7-d87e-95f4a08c4330"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">Liaw doesn’t tackle these topics alone either, enlisting the help of experts and sharing his own anecdotes and stories, with snippets from Liaw’s kids thrown in.</p> <p dir="ltr"><img src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/2022/05/adam-liaw-podcast.jpg" alt="" width="1280" height="720" /></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Adam Liaw tackles the five tastes in his new podcast. Image: Supplied</em></p> <p dir="ltr">In another first for the Malaysian-Australian chef, Liaw will be taking the stage on Wednesday, June 1, for Vivid Sydney’s Ideas Exchange’s 2022 series, <em>Audible Live: Stories Made to be Heard</em>.</p> <p dir="ltr">Liaw’s will be the first in a series of three talks, where he will discuss his podcast, calling upon the interviews featured in each of the episodes to explain how vital salt is to our biology and how it turned food into a commodity that has underpinned the global economy for thousands of years, as well as how our taste buds helped establish democracy and how our hankering for sweet things has been used to sell us soft drinks.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Vivid Sydney’s Idea Exchange is the perfect forum for big ideas, and it doesn’t get much bigger than how our own biology has shaped the world around us!” Liaw said.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-e88d060c-7fff-7b52-3af2-30ffcab8095d"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">Tickets for Liaw’s talk are available <a href="https://tickets.vividsydney.com/event/audible-live-adam-liaw" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p> <p><iframe title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K5Prbfh0VnE" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Adam Liaw’s Audible Original podcast, How Tastes Changed the World, launches on Tuesday 10 May and is only available on Audible. The podcast is free for Audible members and can be found at <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/audible.com.au/taste__;!!CN7PONKNpoI9!-mXF9S_F_DMqMCTDde2SaXD57CpMgwUTRkGnVv1CH7Cm624ZM0--rRnzo7njnX7eT8xFmcpa4foNnTLeBvzisMaawQ$" target="_blank" rel="noopener">audible.com.au/taste</a>. On 1 June, Adam will be taking part in Vivid Sydney’s Ideas Exchange with Audible Live: Stories Made to be Heard, during which he’ll discuss the podcast in further detail.</em></p> <p dir="ltr"><em><span id="docs-internal-guid-7b4a421b-7fff-c76a-4343-1d52c22385f5"></span></em></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Supplied</em></p>

Technology

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How to clean your dogs teeth

<h4>The importance of clean teeth</h4> <p>Good dental hygiene for dogs goes beyond improving pungent breath. About 80 percent of dogs develop dental disease by age four. That not only affects canine health but also leads to plenty of other problems down the road. And veterinary dentistry procedures hit you in the heart and the pocketbook. But learning how to clean dogs’ teeth isn’t typically the hottest topic in any pet care manual.</p> <p>Because dogs don’t open wide and say “ah,” veterinarians must use pricey anaesthesia to perform root canals, extract a tooth, or straighten crooked fangs. Pets almost never get cavities filled, though. Damaged or decayed teeth get removed, and plaque – it looks like yellow or brown deposits on the teeth and leads to tooth loss and pain – is cleaned away.</p> <p>You can reduce the frequency of required professional cleanings by learning how to clean dogs’ teeth at home. So grab a dog toothbrush, read the step-by-step instructions below, and get ready to brush your dog’s teeth daily.</p> <h4>How to clean your dogs teeth</h4> <p>Cleaning your dog’s teeth is a part of dog grooming and is just as important as giving your dog a bath. You already know how to brush your own teeth, and the same technique applies to cleaning your dog’s teeth.</p> <p>But your dog won’t willingly open wide for you. So part of cleaning its teeth includes teaching it what to expect so it won’t feel scared. Training your dog to accept teeth cleaning keeps it healthy and can also improve the bond you share with each other.</p> <p>Teaching your dog takes time. Don’t rush or force your pet. It may take three days or three weeks before your pup is ready to let you clean its teeth. But once it understands and accepts the procedure, the teeth cleaning won’t take more than a few minutes a day. Ideally, you’ll want to clean your dog’s teeth after each meal, just like humans do. But if you can manage once a day, or even two or three times a week, count that as a win.</p> <h4><strong>Supplies</strong></h4> <p>Chew toy: Dogs love to chew anyway, but a favourite toy helps with training. Choose a non-fabric toy that won’t hold moisture. Something your dog likes to hold or carry gets bonus points. A dental toy for big dogs, or one sized for smaller dogs, is ideal.</p> <p>Dental treats: Use dental treats along with the toy to teach your dog to accept holding something in its mouth. The treats reward the behaviour you want your pet to learn, so it trusts that even if you ask it to do something weird, it’ll get good things out of it.</p> <p>Bath towel: No, you won’t dry him off with the towel. But toothbrushing can involve drooling and head-shaking that leads to dribbled toothpaste. A towel provides an easy-to-clean surface for training and eventual teeth cleaning. Using the same towel each time signals to your dog what happens next.</p> <p>Dog toothpaste: Never use human toothpaste with your dog. Dogs can’t spit and shouldn’t swallow the fluoride that human products contain. Dogs also hate the foaming action. Instead, choose a toothpaste designed specifically for dogs. Pet toothpaste contains flavours dogs love, like peanut butter.</p> <p>Gauze pads: You don’t have to use a toothbrush, and dogs may accept other materials more readily. Gauze pads work well and are disposable. They also work as a first step. Once your pup accepts cleanings with gauze, you can move on to other cleaning options.</p> <p>Wipe: A washcloth also works to clean dog teeth. Simply wrap it around your index finger and apply the paste. As an added bonus, you have a towel handy if you need to wipe off your dog’s face. Another option is using dental wipes for dogs.</p> <p>Finger toothbrush: Dogs are funny. They’ll pick up nearly anything in their mouths but object to you sticking something weird inside. Yours may more easily accept a finger – or a finger toothbrush. You might find it easier to use too.</p> <p>Baby toothbrush: Baby’s first toothbrush, with its extra-oft bristles, may work for some dogs, especially those with tiny mouths.</p> <p>Dog toothbrush: If you like, you can work up to using an official dog-specific toothbrush.</p> <p>Dental rinse: There are products you can use to rinse off your dog’s teeth, as well as those you can add to your dog’s water, to help keep its teeth clean.</p> <p>Ready to get brushing? The steps below will guide you from training to regular brushings.</p> <p>Chew toy: Dogs love to chew anyway, but a favourite toy helps with training. Choose a non-fabric toy that won’t hold moisture. Something your dog likes to hold or carry gets bonus points. A dental toy for big dogs, or one sized for smaller dogs, is ideal.</p> <p>Dental treats: Use dental treats along with the toy to teach your dog to accept holding something in its mouth. The treats reward the behaviour you want your pet to learn, so it trusts that even if you ask it to do something weird, it’ll get good things out of it.</p> <p>Bath towel: No, you won’t dry him off with the towel. But toothbrushing can involve drooling and head-shaking that leads to dribbled toothpaste. A towel provides an easy-to-clean surface for training and eventual teeth cleaning. Using the same towel each time signals to your dog what happens next.</p> <p>Dog toothpaste: Never use human toothpaste with your dog. Dogs can’t spit and shouldn’t swallow the fluoride that human products contain. Dogs also hate the foaming action. Instead, choose a toothpaste designed specifically for dogs. Pet toothpaste contains flavours dogs love, like peanut butter.</p> <p>Gauze pads: You don’t have to use a toothbrush, and dogs may accept other materials more readily. Gauze pads work well and are disposable. They also work as a first step. Once your pup accepts cleanings with gauze, you can move on to other cleaning options.</p> <p>Wipe: A washcloth also works to clean dog teeth. Simply wrap it around your index finger and apply the paste. As an added bonus, you have a towel handy if you need to wipe off your dog’s face. Another option is using dental wipes for dogs.</p> <p>Finger toothbrush: Dogs are funny. They’ll pick up nearly anything in their mouths but object to you sticking something weird inside. Yours may more easily accept a finger – or a finger toothbrush. You might find it easier to use too.</p> <p>Baby toothbrush: Baby’s first toothbrush, with its extra-oft bristles, may work for some dogs, especially those with tiny mouths.</p> <p>Dog toothbrush: If you like, you can work up to using an official dog-specific toothbrush.</p> <p>Dental rinse: There are products you can use to rinse off your dog’s teeth, as well as those you can add to your dog’s water, to help keep its teeth clean.</p> <p>Ready to get brushing? The steps below will guide you from training to regular brushings.</p> <h4>1. Gather Supplies</h4> <p>Bring everything you plan to use to the location you’ll be cleaning your dog’s teeth. You may want to keep teeth-cleaning tools in the same place as your other grooming supplies. Your pup should eventually enjoy the experience and expect the event. To speed up the process, choose somewhere your dog already associates with fun times or yummy rewards, like in the kitchen near the food bowl.</p> <p>And think about a convenient schedule. Dogs love routine, so cleaning your pet’s teeth in the same location and at the same time can help your furry friend view teeth cleaning as part of a normal day.</p> <h4>2. Touch your dogs mouth</h4> <p>Have a small dog? Spread the towel on your lap so your pet can sit during the cleaning. For big dogs, lay the towel on the floor and kneel next to your pup. The towel becomes your dog’s cue that it’s teeth-cleaning time.</p> <p>Start with petting your pup, paying particular attention to the outside of its mouth and lips. If it’ll allow it and you feel comfortable, let it mouth your fingers. Even better, slip a finger inside its cheek to stroke the sides of its teeth. It doesn’t need to open its jaws at all. Its tongue keeps the inside surface of its teeth clean, so you only need to take care of the outside surface. Do this for five minutes and offer a treat each time your dog lets you stroke its gums or touch a tooth.</p> <p>Repeat this step once or twice a day for three to five days. After the dog accepts your handling of its mouth, move to the next step.</p> <h4>3. Flavour the toy</h4> <p><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;">Spread dog toothpaste on a non-fabric toy and let your pet lick it off. Many dogs enjoy the paste-like treat. It has ingredients that help clean teeth even without brushing, so that’s a great first step. You want to associate the toy with the yummy flavour.</span></p> <h4>4. Prop open the dogs mouth</h4> <p>If your dog wants to take the toy into its mouth, let it. But use your hand to hold its mouth closed around the toy. That way, the flavoured toy it holds and enjoys also props open its jaws just enough for you to clean its teeth. Spend about five minutes playing with the toy, taking it from your dog to add paste, and then letting your dog hold the toy while you grasp its muzzle. Repeat this step once or twice a day for several days in a row.</p> <p>Don’t let your dog swipe the toy away to chew. Reserve this special toy for teeth cleaning so your pet only gets the yummy paste and other treats for this purpose. When it acts excited at the sight of the towel, toy and paste, move on to the next step.</p> <h4>5. Prep the applicator </h4> <p>Whether you’re using a finger toothbrush, gauze pad or a washcloth, you’ll want to spread dog toothpaste onto the brushing material. You won’t need a lot of paste, so just add enough to cover the end of your finger.</p> <h4>6. Clean teeth on one side</h4> <p>With one hand wrapped around your dog’s muzzle as it holds the toothpaste-coated toy, use the toothpaste-covered applicator to wipe the outside of its teeth on one side of its mouth. Do the top jaw first, and if your dog is still fine with it, finish with the bottom teeth on the same side. You don’t need to scrub – simply wipe the paste from side to side.</p> <p>Release its muzzle and remove the toy. The dog will lick its lips and savour the paste you’ve left on its teeth. Quit for the day, after offering your pup a few more treats for being such a good dog.</p> <h4>7. Clean teeth on the other side </h4> <p>The next day, repeat the previous step. This time, you’ll wipe the teeth on the other side of your dog’s mouth. Remember, there’s no need to clean the inside of the teeth since the dog’s tongue keeps those surfaces clean.</p> <p>Poking inside its mouth also risks an accidental bite should his jaws slip off the toy. Just wipe the outside of the teeth.</p> <p>Always quit before your dog asks you to stop; it’ll leave your pup wanting more. Praise and treat generously.</p> <h4>8. Make sure every tooth is clean</h4> <p>After two or three days of one-sided teeth cleanings, your dog should understand the process. Hopefully, it also looks forward to this teeth-cleaning routine. Now it’s time to graduate to cleaning all of the teeth at once. This shouldn’t take more than five minutes, including preparation time. If possible, brush daily.</p> <h4>9. Add a dental rinse</h4> <p>In between brushes, you can add a dental rinse to your dog’s drinking water. This will keep its mouth fresh and help improve its overall dental hygiene.</p> <p>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/food-home-garden/pets/how-to-clean-your-dogs-teeth" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reader's Digest</a>. </p> <p><em>Image: Getty</em></p>

Family & Pets

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Thank Neanderthals’ diet for your big brain

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/118/20/e2021655118"><span style="font-weight: 400;">A new study</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> could dramatically alter our perception of Neanderthals as brutish meat eaters.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study examined bacteria collected from Neanderthal teeth and found that our ancient cousins ate so many roots, nuts, or other starchy foods that they radically changed the types of bacteria in their mouths.</span></p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/COtBLAINKos/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="13"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/COtBLAINKos/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by MPI-Science of Human History (@mpi_shh)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although this might not come across as significant, the findings suggest our ancestors started eating lots of starch at least 600,000 years ago - right around the time that they needed more sugars to expand their brains.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The work suggests that ancestors of both humans and Neanderthals were cooking starchy foods at least 600,000 years ago, and that they had already adapted to eating starchy plants long before the invention of agriculture 10,000 years ago, according to Harvard University evolutionary biologist Rachel Carmody.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our ancestors’ brains doubled in size between 2 million and 700,000 years ago.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though researchers have long attributed brain growth to the use of stone tools and cooperative hunting style of early humans that let them eat more energy-rich meat, how this actually worked has long puzzled researchers.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“For human ancestors to efficiently grow a bigger brain, they needed energy dense foods containing glucose” - a type of sugar - molecular archaeologist Christina Warinner of Harvard and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History said. “Meat is not a good source of glucose.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But, the starch-filled plants collected by hunter-gatherers do act as an excellent source of glucose. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By studying the DNA of bacteria stuck to the teeth of Neanderthals, chimps, gorillas, howler monkeys, and preagricultural humans that lived more than 10,000 years ago, researchers found that the bacteria in preagricultural humans and Neanderthals strongly resembled each other.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In particular, they found an unusual group of </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Streptococcus</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> bacteria in their mouths, which has a special ability to free sugars from starchy foods by binding to an enzyme in human saliva called amylase.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The strep bacteria that consume sugar were found on Neanderthal and ancient modern human teeth, but not on chimps, which the researchers said shows they were eating more starchy foods.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It also suggests they inherited these microbes from their common ancestor, who lived more than 600,000 years ago.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although evidence of Neanderthals eating grasses, tubers, and cooked barley has already been found, this new study indicates that they ate so much starch that it altered the composition of the microbiomes in their mouths.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“This pushes the importance of starch in the diet further back in time” to when human brains were still growing, Warinner said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Because the amylase enzyme is more efficient at digesting cooked starch rather than raw starch, the research also suggests that cooking was common by 600,000 years ago, Carmody said. </span></p>

Mind

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Sore jaw or damaged teeth? You might be suffering from bruxism

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you’re feeling stressed, you might notice you’re snappier with people or having trouble getting enough sleep. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But, one area of the body that is greatly affected but seldom talked about when it comes to stress can be found in your mouth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Teeth grinding - also known as bruxism - can occur in almost anyone and result in broken fillings and cracked teeth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Before you get too worried about your oral health, you should know that everyone grinds their teeth at least a little bit.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Everybody grinds their teeth a little bit at night, it’s normal and we do it subconsciously - usually during dream sleep,” Dr Tami Yap, a lecturer in oral medicine at Melbourne University, told </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Age</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“If sleep is fragmented, you’re not getting solid sleep cycles, or you have a period of stress where you mood is impacted into the night-time, you will probably grind more.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The problems arise when grinding causes the teeth to become worn down or break, or if it causes the muscles in your face to ache.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Additional symptoms can vary, from temperature sensitivity or a sore jaw to tension headaches or pieces of your teeth breaking off in your mouth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though there isn’t a simple way to “switch off” tooth grinding, Yap explained, there are some things you can do to manage it.</span></p> <p><strong>What makes us grind our teeth?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to Dr Elizabeth Milford, a dentist and scientific relations consultant for Oral-B, tooth grinding can be triggered by increased anxiety, not getting enough exercise, and poor sleep habits.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other habits can also exacerbate night-time tooth grinding, such as smoking, drinking large amounts of alcohol, and taking recreational drugs. But these habits are more influential on how much we grind our teeth during the day.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Daytime tooth grinding is often triggered by our mood, habits, and stress levels.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“When we are worried or highly stressed, we are physiologically perceiving a low-grade threat,” Yap explained. “And when this happens, stress hormones run around the body and the sympathetic system is engaged because the body is prioritising you to fight or flight.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With this comes extra tension in your muscles, with people often holding their teeth together like you would clench your fist.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“And if you were clenching your fist, it would be very clear you shouldn’t be doing that. Similarly, if you’re touching your teeth together at times other than eating, you’re going to be loading your teeth more, and you’re going to get cracks, and possibly muscle pain.” </span></p> <p><strong>What can you do about it?</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Minimising tooth grinding requires a holistic approach. Consciously choosing the position of your mouth and jaw and thinking about what our facial muscles are doing can help reduce it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Teeth should only be touching when you’re eating, maybe when you phonate certain words and sometimes when you swallow,” Dr Yap said. “That amounts to a few minutes a day, the rest of the time the teeth should actually be apart.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dr Yap recommends focusing on breathing, since this helps you become “more aware of how your mood and your stress is impacting changes on your body”.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Treatment can also include jaw exercises, relaxation techniques, and custom-made dental appliances that reduce pressure on teeth.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Dentists often recommend night guards, but becoming more aware of how we’re feeling and how our body is reacting will pay off in the long run.</span></p>

Body

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Do I really need this crown? Dentists admit feeling pressured to offer unnecessary treatments

<p>If your dentist recommends a crown, your wisdom teeth extracted, or some other common treatment, you may wonder whether it’s really necessary.</p> <p>We don’t know how common such over-servicing is. However, our research, which includes interviews with Australian dentists in private practice, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12592">published today</a>, shows it is an issue.</p> <p>Not only is this a problem for patients, some dentists say they feel pressured to recommend unnecessary treatments. And the way dentists are paid for their services actually encourages it.</p> <p><strong>What is over-servicing in dentistry?</strong></p> <p>Over-servicing <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h869">can occur</a> in many types of health care, with various definitions. But in dentistry, our research defines over-servicing as when dental treatments are provided over and above what’s clinically justified, or where there is no justification for that care at all.</p> <p>Over-servicing in dentistry is reported <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/the-trouble-with-dentistry/586039/">internationally</a> and <a href="https://www.cdhjournal.org/issues/36-3-september-2019/986-dentistry-and-oral-health-in-online-media-sources-a-discourse-analysis">discussed online</a>.</p> <p>And we’ve known about it in Australia for some time. In 2012, <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/1-7m-fine-for-cheating-dentist-patient-had-75-000-of-unnecessary-work-20120725-22q04.html">a Sydney dentist</a> went to court and was fined more than A$1.7 million for performing almost $75,000 worth of treatment on one patient, knowing it was unnecessary and would be ineffective.</p> <p>In 2013, another Sydney dentist was <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/andrew-istephan-escapes-jail-over-unnecessary-dental-work-on-nursing-home-patients-20131129-2yg62.html#ixzz2m09GwDUz">found guilty</a> of over-servicing elderly nursing home patients, some of whom had dementia. He filed down their teeth to fit them for crowns they did not need, without anaesthesia.</p> <p>However, over-servicing can be less extreme than revealed in these landmark court cases. Dentists we interviewed said they often felt pressured to over-service as part of their day-to-day practice.</p> <p><strong>What we found</strong></p> <p>We analysed interviews with, and diary entries from, 20 Australian dentists working in private practice, the first study of its kind to include their perspectives on over-servicing.</p> <p>Most dentists we interviewed had felt pressure to provide unnecessary care. Pressure came from practice owners, or their own need to meet financial commitments.</p> <p>They spoke about a culture in some practices of “finding treatment” to do, rather than simply treating the issues patients had:</p> <p><em>I quit my first job because they were overly commercial and I figured that out about two weeks in because there it was very much a matter of, “how many crowns are you doing per week? We expect our clinicians to be doing at least a crown a day” and there was no real care factor towards, what does the patient actually need? It was very much a matter of, “Okay, you’re seeing a new patient, see if you can get this much revenue out of that one”.</em></p> <p><strong>Why does this happen?</strong></p> <p>Most private dentists in Australia earn their wage linked to how much treatment they provide. So this fee-for-service model provides <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cdoe.12267">an incentive</a> for them to provide more treatment, rather than less.</p> <p>However, over-servicing isn’t inevitable. Some participants said their professional identities as dentists helped them place patients before profit:</p> <p><em>Look, I’d always put my professionalism first. There’s been a couple of times when I’ve recommended a crown and I sort of thought “OK, am I doing this because the crown is a high-end item or because I really believe it’s the best thing for the patient?”, and I always go with what I believe is the best thing for the patient.</em></p> <p>The dentists we spoke to also said they spent a lot of time considering how they managed patient care in a system inherently skewed to promote over-servicing.</p> <p>So what happens when you shift away from purely a fee-for-service model? This might include a monthly fee for having a patient registered with a practice or service, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdoe.12544">as trialled in the United Kingdom</a>.</p> <p>The amount of clinical treatment <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdoe.12544">reduced</a>, with patients noting little change in the service they received.</p> <p><strong>How do we tackle this?</strong></p> <p>We could address the culture of over-servicing by changing the way dentists are paid, away from a pure fee-for-service model. Payments could be linked to measurable improvements in oral health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/two-million-aussies-delay-or-dont-go-to-the-dentist-heres-how-we-can-fix-that-113376">rather than purely just how much dentists do</a>.</p> <p>However, with fee-for-service being so entrenched in Australian dentistry, we admit this would be a difficult task, despite the increased awareness of the topic that research like ours brings.</p> <p><strong>What if I’m not sure I need a recommended treatment?</strong></p> <p>If you’re not sure why your dentist is recommending a certain treatment, ask. You can also ask about the pros and cons of other options, including doing nothing for now and keeping an eye on things.</p> <p>If you’re not satisfied with the answer, you can ask for a second opinion. One thing to consider is that you’ll need to ask your dentist for a copy of your clinical records and x-rays (to avoid these needing to be taken again). And if visiting another dentist, you probably will need to pay for another consultation.</p> <p>If you’re unhappy with your care, the best place to complain to first is your treating clinician; dentists really value receiving feedback and the opportunity to put things right.</p> <p><em>Written by <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alexander-holden-305567">Alexander Holden</a>, University of Sydney. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/do-i-really-need-this-crown-dentists-admit-feeling-pressured-to-offer-unnecessary-treatments-148638">The Conversation.</a></em></p>

Caring

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The surprising step you've been missing from your oral care routine

<p>Three quarters of Australian adults were warned against chewing gum as a child. But recently, Australian dentists have been saying quite the opposite.<br /><br />According to new YouGov data on the chewing habits of Australians, almost a third of Australian adults were told as children that chewing gum was rude, and nearly a quarter were told it was bad for your teeth. But leading dentists say sugarfree gum actually plays a key role in looking after your dental health.<br /><br />In the midst of a global pandemic it would be no surprise some of us are hesitant to keep up regular dental checks.<br /><br />In fact, the ADA's Oral Health Tracker found that just under half (48.8%) of adults surveyed had visited a dentist for a check-up in the last 12 months - a number that is anticipated to get worse as Australians avoid the dentist due to fears of proximity to others, job losses result in people spending less on their health and people are stuck at home eating sugary foods more regularly.<br /><br />Sydney dentist Dr Jalal Khan says there are some simple ways all Australians keep up their oral health even during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br /><br />Dr Khan says more Aussies should consider chewing sugarfree gum after eating or drinking when brushing isn’t possible, because it helps to neutralise plaque acid and maintain tooth enamel.<br /><br />“Oral hygiene and looking after our teeth isn’t something we should do just once or twice a day, in the morning and night, because we eat and snack so frequently throughout the day,” Dr Khan said. “Chewing sugarfree gum helps to fill the gaps between brushing and flossing creating a healthy environment for our teeth.”<br /><br />A recent scientific literature review by King’s College found chewing sugarfree gum could help reduce the incidence and growth of dental caries by up to 28 per cent.<sup>  <br /><br /></sup>Despite being preventable, tooth decay is one of Australia’s most common oral health problems and is on the rise among Australian adults and children. Maintaining good oral health is fundamental to overall health, reduces risk of chronic diseases and improves mental wellbeing.<br /><br />This week, Dr Jalal Khan drilled down into new YouGov research on Australia’s chewing habits to bust some long-held myths about chewing gum:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Bad manners or healthy habit? </strong>- The main reason Aussies don’t chew gum is because they think it’s rude (29% of adults).<br /><br /></li> </ul> <p><br />Dr Khan: “The fact is chewing sugar-free gum is a healthy habit that helps look after your teeth. The act of chewing gum stimulates saliva flow, which clears food particles, and protects the teeth by neutralising any acidity in your meal. Only 17% of Aussie adults chew gum after eating and drinking to look after their teeth.” <br /><br /></p> <ul> <li><strong>Not all gums are equal -</strong> A quarter (25%) of Australian adults avoid chewing gum because they believe it contains sugar.</li> </ul> <p><br />Dr Khan: “Most gum (93%) on the market is sugarfree and endorsed by national dental bodies. I recommend looking for gum that displays the Australian Dental Association or FDI World Dental Federation logos on the back of pack.”<br /><br /></p> <ul> <li><strong>Is there a right (or wrong) time to chew? -</strong> While 17% of adults chew before eating to prevent snacking or over-eating, dentists say chewing after a meal has more benefits.<br /><br /></li> </ul> <p>Dr Khan: “If you are on the go, it’s best to chew gum after you’ve finished a meal to stimulate saliva flow, which clears food particles and protects the teeth by neutralising any acidity in your meal. It’s important to chew for at least 20 minutes as this has been shown to help maintain the enamel on your teeth.”<br /><br /></p> <ul> <li><strong>What happens if you swallow gum? </strong>As children, over half of us (55% of Australian adults) were told that if you swallow gum it stays in your stomach.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Dr Khan: “It’s an old wives’ tale that’s been passed down by each generation. The truth is if you swallow gum it will NOT stay in your stomach. Although chewing gum is not designed to be swallowed, it simply passes through your body’s digestive system after a few days.”</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Brushing and flossing isn’t enough to maintain fresh breath </strong>- Almost three quarters (74%) of people that chew gum, do it to freshen their breath.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>Dr Khan: “Brushing, flossing and chewing gum all help to keep your breath fresh but so does your diet. I’m not just talking about avoiding garlic.<sup>  </sup>Our mouth is the front end of our gut and it’s lined with bacteria. The mix of the bacteria in your mouth and gut can directly influence the smell of your breath.”</p> <p><br />To keep your teeth healthy, Dr Khan recommends five simple steps:</p> <ol> <li>Get <strong>regular check-ups </strong>from your <a href="https://www.ada.org.au/Find-a-Dentist">dentist</a> (once every six months is generally recommended)</li> <li><strong>Brush</strong> twice a day</li> <li><strong>Floss</strong> daily</li> <li>Eat a healthy, balanced <strong>diet </strong></li> <li>Chew <strong>sugarfree gum </strong>after eating or drinking and when on-the-go<br /><br /><br /></li> </ol> <p><em>Issued on behalf of the Extra Oral Healthcare Program</em></p> <p><strong>Dr Jalal Khan</strong> is a Sydney-based dentist and a member of the NSW Australian Dental Association. Dr Khan has a North Sydney dental clinic and runs a mobile dental truck to provide dental services to regional communities in need.</p>

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Do I need to floss my teeth?

<p>As a dentist, my patients often ask whether they still need to floss even though they brush their teeth. The answer is – that depends.</p> <p>A <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008829.pub2/abstract">review of the research</a> on this topic found flossing, combined with regular brushing, reduced the chance of bleeding gums. But the review could not provide evidence flossing prevented holes (tooth cavities) from forming.</p> <p>This is likely <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1532338216301877">because</a> all of the included studies were conducted within one to three month periods. A few months is long enough to detect bleeding gums, but not for cavities to grow substantially.</p> <p>So studies in the review looked at the effectiveness of flossing on preventing gum disease rather than cavities.</p> <p> </p> <p>But at the very least, we know regular flossing protects our gum health, which in turn protects our teeth. So it’s definitely worth doing.</p> <p>The advice may be different if you have certain dental conditions – but we’ll get to that later.</p> <p><strong>Why should I floss?</strong></p> <p>Cavities and gum disease are mainly caused by plaque that accumulates on our teeth and gums. Dental plaque is part of a complex ecosystem that includes <a href="http://www.homd.org">800 different types</a> of bacteria found in our mouth.</p> <p>Our plaque’s unique <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4152.short">ecosystem</a> is a like a major city, and brushing is like Godzilla destroying the infrastructure. But plaque bacteria can rebuild infrastructure fairly quickly, which is why we brush frequently.</p> <p>Brushing, however, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb00109.x">isn’t very effective</a> at cleaning in between your teeth. And it’s the plaque that remains in these areas that leads to most <a href="http://www.parodontologie-utrecht.nl/media/boeken/boekintraoralhygieneevidence.pdf">cavities</a> and <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb02174.x">gum disease</a>. So that’s where flossing comes in – to clean between the teeth.</p> <p> </p> <p>If plaque on our teeth and gums are left long enough, the mineral in our saliva hardens it to form a white chalky substance called calculus. The calculus acts as a home to many different types of bacteria that can advance gum disease.</p> <p>Once formed, calculus is impossible to remove by brushing or flossing alone. It needs to be removed using special tools at the dentist.</p> <p><strong>What’s the big deal about bleeding gums?</strong></p> <p>Similar to the way doctors measure health by checking your blood pressure, dentists and hygienists gently <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01059.x">poke</a> your gums to see if they bleed.</p> <p>Bleeding gums often signal the presence of uncleaned plaque and/or calculus in the area. You may even notice bleeding after you brush your teeth or eat certain foods.</p> <p>To a dental practitioner, bleeding gums indicate you’re at risk of developing advanced gum issues, called <a href="https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease/more-info">periodontal disease</a>. This condition sees the foundations that hold your teeth in your jaw bone deteriorate, eventually causing your teeth to loosen and fall out.</p> <p>Socially embarrassing by-products of advanced gum disease include:</p> <ul> <li>loose teeth</li> <li>a yellow/brown smile</li> <li>large black gaps appearing between your teeth where the gums have shrunk away</li> <li>bad breath.</li> </ul> <p>So the act of flossing can serve to safeguard your smile.</p> <p>Current evidence also suggests periodontal disease is associated with an <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007990802131215">increased risk</a> of heart disease and diabetes, among other health issues.</p> <p><strong>OK, so I should definitely floss then?</strong></p> <p>This depends on your current situation. Just like you wouldn’t mop your rug or vacuum the shower recess, we have specific <a href="http://168.176.239.58/cursos/odontologia/2016549/pdf/Claydon2008Cepilladoylimpiezainterdental.pdf">tools</a> to suit every cleaning situation. Flossing (effectively) is great if:</p> <ul> <li>you still have most of your teeth</li> <li>your teeth are tightly jammed together</li> <li>your gums haven’t receded to leave triangular gaps between your teeth.</li> </ul> <p>While for a lot of us this may be the case, for some of us, simply flossing our teeth and gums will be ineffective. Particularly if you have:</p> <ul> <li>gaps between your teeth that are too large for floss to clean</li> <li>complex dental work such as <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/prd.12189">crowns, bridges</a> and <a href="http://www.quintpub.com/userhome/qi/qi_47_5_clark_p417.pdf">implants</a></li> <li>partial dentures (dentures that replace some missing teeth)</li> <li>orthodontic appliances such as <a href="https://orthodonticsaustralia.org.au/caring-for-braces/">braces</a>.</li> </ul> <p>In these instances, we have to start thinking about interdental cleaning, or using other tools to clean between your teeth such as special Christmas tree-shaped brushes or sticks.</p> <p> </p> <p>If you don’t think flossing is right for you, ask about interdental (between teeth) cleaning during your next visit to the dentist. Your dentist or hygienist will be able to recommend products and a cleaning routine to suit your needs.</p> <p><strong>Tips for good flossing</strong></p> <p>To floss effectively, keep in mind:</p> <ul> <li>floss at least once a day</li> <li>floss before brushing so it becomes part of your routine</li> <li>cut 30-40cm of regular floss for each use</li> <li>wrap most of it around the finger of one hand and 2-3cm around the finger of another</li> <li>slowly move the floss towards the gums to ensure you clean both teeth.</li> </ul> <p>Flossing can cause some bleeding, but this will resolve over time.</p> <p><iframe width="440" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KypRbdD68QQ?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></p> <p>Flossing can take some time to master. But the more often you floss, the faster and better you’ll become. And what better time to practise than when you’re stuck at home during a pandemic?</p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/arosha-weerakoon-792707">Arosha Weerakoon</a>, Lecturer, General Dentist &amp; PhD Candidate, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/do-i-need-to-floss-my-teeth-133245">original article</a>.</em></p>

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How to have fabulous teeth at any age

<p>Oral health is important for all of our wellbeing and prevention is the key.</p> <p>According to the National Oral Health Plan, three out of ten adult Australians have untreated tooth decay. Oral hygiene is an important health issue that affects all of us. Poor oral health is among the most common health problems experienced by Australians and it can lead to a slew of other problematic health-related issues.</p> <p><strong>Why is oral health important?<br /></strong>The last National Survey of Adult Oral Health showed more than fifty per cent of Australians 65 and older suffered from periodontal (gum) disease.  As well as causing discomfort and social difficulties, poor oral health can lead to a suite of other serious health problems.</p> <p>An analysis by the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry indicated that people with gum disease were twice as likely as others to die from a heart attack and three times as likely to have stroke. Why? The researchers found that the bacteria that cause periodontal disease can release toxins into or travel through the bloodstream and help to form fatty plaques in the arteries. These plaque deposits can lead to serious problems, such as blood clots, which can block blood flow.</p> <p>Poor oral health may even be connected to Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers from the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) in the UK discovered the presence of a bacterium called Porphyromonas gingivalis in the brains of dementia patients. The researchers noted that this bug is also usually associated with chronic periodontal disease.</p> <p>People with diabetes must be particularly vigilant with their dental hygiene as they have a lower resistance to infection and thus their gums are more susceptible to bacteria. Consequently, diabetics should regularly visit their dentist for advice on how to keep their teeth and gums healthy.</p> <p><strong>Prevention is key<br /></strong>Not surprisingly, the best way to avoid dental problems is through prevention. The National Oral Health Plan recommends that Australians receive an oral health check up and preventatively focused oral health care a minimum of once every two years. However, the consultation report also notes that four out of ten Australians with good oral health visited the same dentist at least once a year for a check up.</p> <p>Every individual has different dental needs, so consult your dentist to find out yours. On top of regular check ups, be sure to visit your dental practitioner urgently if you have pain in your mouth, bleeding gums or any sores, lumps or discoloured patches in your mouth.</p> <p><strong>Did you know?  Replacing your toothbrush every three to four months and after a cold is important because bristles contain bacteria. </strong></p> <p><strong>Brushing, flossing and mouthwash<br /></strong>Brushing twice daily is crucial for removing plaque from your teeth. Aim to brush your teeth and along the gum line with a soft toothbrush after breakfast every morning and before going to bed each night. Also, be sure to brush your tongue to remove particles and bacteria that can build up on its surface, particularly towards the back.  Finally, don’t brush too quickly after eating as this can brush acid onto your teeth, a process which erodes tooth enamel. Try to wait at least thirty minutes between your last meal and brushing or rinse your mouth out with water first. </p> <p>Getting into the habit of flossing (by sliding the floss between the teeth and using a saw-like motion) every day is important for removing plaque where your toothbrush can’t reach. In doubt if you are doing it right? Ask your dentist to show you how on your next visit.</p> <p>By flossing, you can effectively prevent - or at least cut down dramatically - on cavities and gum disease. Mouthwash can also help to ward off gum disease, but that’s only if you use a bacteria-fighting, non-alcoholic rinse after brushing and flossing. Ask your dentist for the best options for you. It is also important that dentures be cleaned with soap and water after every meal, to remove food particles and bacteria. </p> <p>Did you know? Chewing gum is good for you. Numerous studies have confirmed that chewing sugar-free gum can in fact reduce your risk of tooth decay. Chewing gum increases the production of saliva and makes your salivary glands larger and more efficient. This helps to protect teeth by keeping them clean and strengthening the natural production of enamel. </p> <p><strong>Fluoride<br /></strong>In the 1930s, American scientists discovered that towns with higher levels of fluoride in the water-supply experienced less tooth decay. Most Australian towns and cities were fluoridated in the 1960s and 1970s, and today around 90% of Australians enjoy the decay-fighting benefits of fluoride. According to the Australian Dental Association, it contributes to fewer fillings, fewer extractions and fewer visits to the dentist. Fluoridated toothpaste has also had similar effects.</p> <p><strong>Did you know? Smoking has been proven to cause mouth cancer and gum disease. Quitting smoking will improve the health of your mouth, gums and teeth.</strong></p> <p><strong>Medication<br /></strong>Medication with added sugar isn’t ideal for your teeth. Consequently, try and get sugar free medication, or if that isn’t possible get into the habit of rinsing your mouth out every time you take medication which includes sugar. Some medications can also cause xerostomia (dry mouth), which increases risk of tooth decay. Seek professional medical advice if your medication is giving you a dry mouth.</p> <p><strong>Dental diet<br /></strong>Eating foods with high levels of sugar is a leading cause of tooth decay. Aim to limit your intake of food with added sugars and try not to add sugar to tea or coffee. Fruit juices and soft drinks can also contribute, so aim to stick to tap water (bottled water doesn’t contain fluoride). Also, limit between-meal snacks as this reduces the number of acid attacks on your teeth and gives them a chance to ‘repair themselves’.</p> <p>Beneficial foods include ones that make you chew, such as raw fruit and vegetables. Calcium rich foods such as salmon, almonds and kale are also highly beneficial. Don’t forget to also consume plenty of dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K2, which are found in quality butter, organic meats, avocados and eggs.</p> <p><em>Republished with permission of <a href="https://www.wyza.com.au/articles/health/how-to-have-fabulous-teeth-at-any-age.aspx">Wyza.com.au</a>. </em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Is ‘dental tourism’ worth the risk?

<p>Need crowns or an implant or two and heard about the growing trend of ‘dental tourism’?</p> <p><strong>How to have fabulous teeth at any age</strong></p> <p>Well, your answer could be Asia. Specifically, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur. WYZA® reader Phil Hawkes shares his personal experience.</p> <p>Why should you consider ‘dental tourism’? From my very recent experience, you can afford to have all your dental work done at roughly one-third of the cost, and enjoy a holiday at the same time in Thailand or Malaysia. And still come out ahead, if you fly there with a low-cost carrier like Scoot or Air Asia.</p> <p><strong>Those horror stories</strong></p> <p>Sound too good to be true? In some cases, you’d be absolutely right. It doesn’t work for everyone. We’ve heard horror stories about crowns falling out, implants that are made with human bone [the mind boggles] and choppers that are so bleached that they’re scary.</p> <p>Those outcomes can happen in Australia, too. You can be unlucky with your choice of dentist wherever you are in the world. I’ve had some awful experiences here, and some good ones in places like Poland and England.</p> <p>But to be specific, Kuala Lumpur is at the top of our list for high class dental work.</p> <p><strong>Should you get dental work done overseas?</strong></p> <p>We [and our friends] have found standards in Kuala Lumpur can be better than in Australia, again if you know where to go. We know a woman who was quoted $47,000 in Brisbane for what amounted to, basically an entire new mouth. Implants, crowns, gum repair, the works. After getting the quote, she almost had another medical problem. . . a heart attack.</p> <p>So on a recommendation from a friend, she had the whole lot done in Kuala Lumpur for $17,000, plus the cost of three trips including several days in Penang while waiting, for about $3,000. Total: just over $20,000. And a perfect job.</p> <p>The irony was that the dentist obtained his Masters degree in Brisbane! Also, his clinic had state-of-the-art equipment which she’d never seen in Australia.</p> <p><strong>A not so good experience in bangkok</strong></p> <p>Our recent experience was somewhat different. We rocked up in Bangkok, were met by a driver at the airport, and spirited away to an apartment building owned by a dental clinic. A free night there, and next morning to the clinic. After a long wait, we were “interviewed” by the head of the clinic and after rejecting offers of extra services like “deep cleaning” and “ultra whitening”, we were placed in the tender care of two female dentists who looked about 16 years old.</p> <p>Well, they were pretty competent and did the basics adequately [two crowns for each of us] but the place was a bit chaotic and worse, my wife developed an infection which took days of antibiotics to clear up. Other people we know, who’ve been to the same clinic, had no such problems. So you can be unlucky.</p> <p>The cost in Bangkok was about the same as in Kuala Lumpur and was two crowns for $1,200 including the accommodation and airport transfers.</p> <p><strong>The lesson</strong></p> <p>Do your research carefully and read the testimonials online. Better still, ask your friends who may have had personal experience. Then, book cheap flights and enjoy your holiday for free Compared with paying $1,500 per crown, or more, in Australia minus whatever you can manage to extract from the private health insurer. However, be very careful before making a decision and always ensure you are covered by travel insurance.</p> <p><strong>Be aware</strong></p> <p>The Australian Dental Association warn that getting complex dental treatment overseas can come at a very high cost. Australian dentists are appropriately trained to deal with dental emergencies. Consider this before thinking of going overseas to get your dental work.</p> <p><em>Written by Phil Hawkes. Republished with permission of <a href="https://www.wyza.com.au/articles/lifestyle/wyza-life/is-dental-tourism-worth-the-risk.aspx">Wyza.com.au.</a></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p> </p>

Beauty & Style

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How often should I get my teeth cleaned?

<p>If you went to your dentist for a check-up and dental clean in the last year, give yourself a pat on the back. Not everyone loves the dentist, but <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/dental-oral-health/dental-attendance-patterns-oral-health-status/contents/table-of-contents">research</a> shows people who visit at least once a year for preventative care are happier with their smile.</p> <p>Regular dental visitors are also <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022034509356779">less likely</a> to need a filling or have a tooth removed.</p> <p>So how often do we need to go to the dentist? Most of us can get away with an annual trip, but some people at higher risk of dental problems should <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29984691">visit more often</a>.</p> <p><strong>Why do I need to get my teeth cleaned?</strong></p> <p>While we all do the best we can on our own, professional teeth cleaning removes plaque, the soft yellowish build-up, and calculus (hardened plaque) we can’t get to. This soft build-up is made up of billions of different types of bacteria that live and reproduce in our mouth by feeding on the food we eat.</p> <p>Most bacteria live in our bodies without causing too much trouble. But certain bacteria in dental plaque, when they grow in numbers, can lead to cavities (holes in the teeth) or gum disease.</p> <p>A dental clean will reduce your chance of getting cavities or gum disease by <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00563.x">significantly reducing</a> the amount of plaque and calculus in your mouth.</p> <p><strong>So how often?</strong></p> <p>As a dentist, my patients often ask me how regularly they should get their teeth cleaned. My response is usually: “That depends”.</p> <p>Most private health insurance schemes cover a dental check-up and clean once every six months. But there’s no hard and fast evidence, particularly if you’re a healthy person who is less likely to get a cavity or gum disease.</p> <p>However, some people are at higher risk of getting dental cavities or gum disease – and this group should get their teeth cleaned more often.</p> <p><strong>Hole in one</strong></p> <p>We know certain <a href="https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-018-0585-4">health and lifestyle factors</a> can affect a person’s risk of developing cavities. Here are some yes/no questions you can ask yourself to understand whether you’re at a higher risk:</p> <ul> <li>is your drinking water or toothpaste fluoride-free?</li> <li>do you snack a lot, including on sweets?</li> <li>do you avoid flossing?</li> <li>do you brush your teeth less than twice a day?</li> <li>do you visit your dentist for toothaches rather than check-ups?</li> <li>do you need new fillings every time you visit the dentist?</li> <li>is your dentist “watching” a lot of early cavities?</li> <li>do you have to wear an appliance in your mouth such as a denture or braces?</li> <li>do you suffer from a chronic long-term health condition such as diabetes?</li> <li>do you suffer from a dry mouth?</li> </ul> <p>If you answered “yes” to most of these questions, you’re likely to need to see your dentist or hygienist at least every six months, if not more often.</p> <p>As well as removing the bug-loaded plaque and calculus, people prone to cavities <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002817714615269">benefit</a>from the fluoride treatment after scaling.</p> <p>Evidence shows professional fluoride treatment every six months can lead to a <a href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/full">30% reduced risk</a> of developing cavities, needing fillings or having teeth removed.</p> <p><strong>Dental health is related to our overall health</strong></p> <p>Some people with <a href="https://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S0042-96862005000900004&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es">chronic health issues</a> such as heart conditions or diabetes will need to see their dentists more frequently. This is because they are <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/erc.10.109">more prone to gum disease</a>.</p> <p>People taking blood thinners and other medications, such as pills and infusions for <a href="https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jbmr.3191">osteoporosis</a>, may need to visit the dentist more regularly too. These medications can complicate the process of an extraction or other dental work, so regular checks and cleans are best to help detect problems before they become serious.</p> <p>People with bleeding gums should also see their dental practitioners more often. This is <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26698003">especially important</a> if you have been diagnosed with advanced gum disease, known as periodontal disease.</p> <p><strong>What about the budget?</strong></p> <p>The <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/health-and-body/dentists-and-dental-care/dental-treatment/articles/dental-fees">average cost</a> of a check-up, dental clean and fluoride treatment is A$231, but the cost can vary from A$150 to A$305. You can contact your local dentist to find out what they charge. Your dentist may offer you a payment plan.</p> <p>If you can’t afford this, you may qualify for <a href="https://www.ada.org.au/Your-Dental-Health/Home">free or discounted treatment</a> if you hold a concession card. Children from families that receive a Family Tax Benefit A may be eligible for free dental treatment through the <a href="https://www.humanservices.gov.au/individuals/services/medicare/child-dental-benefits-schedule">Child Dental Benefits Schedule</a>.</p> <p>People with private health insurance with extras or ancillary cover will also have some or all of their dental treatment covered.</p> <p><strong>Protecting your smile</strong></p> <p>So you don’t really get cavities or have gum disease, but would prefer to see your dentist every six months? Great. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2010.796">Some people</a> prefer to go twice a year to reduce the chance of a nasty toothache.</p> <p>Parents often wish to set a good example for their children by making regular check and clean appointments for the whole family.</p> <p>There are many benefits to regular checks and cleans. Visiting your dentist regularly helps reduce the chance of needing more complex and expensive dental treatment later on.</p> <p>And touching base with your oral health practitioner provides that nudge we all need now and again to eat healthily, brush better and floss more often.</p> <p><em>Written by Arosha Weerakoon. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-often-should-i-get-my-teeth-cleaned-121310">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

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