Placeholder Content Image

The music program rehabilitating inmates

<p dir="ltr">While a lot of prison inmates are not given the luxuries of life outside jail, one rehabilitation program is giving inmates one of life’s greatest pleasures: music. </p> <p dir="ltr">For Oli Firth, who was sent to Broken Hill Correctional Centre on drug-related offences, the Songbirds program changed his life.</p> <p dir="ltr">"[Music] was a real beacon of light for me. It was the one thing that carried me through," he told ABC<a href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/songbirds:-rehabilitation-and-music-behind-bars/13934620"> RN's Life Matters</a>.</p> <p dir="ltr">“It was the toughest time in my life.”</p> <p dir="ltr">The director of the Songbirds program, musician Murray Cook, has played with bands such as Midnight Oil, Mental as Anything and Mixed Relations.</p> <p dir="ltr">But for more than 20 years, Mr Cook has run music classes in different NSW prisons, including a stint as a music teacher in the psych ward of Sydney's Long Bay Correctional Centre.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Songbirds program, a project of the non-profit <a href="https://www.crcnsw.org.au/">Community Restorative Centre</a>, brings music and other art forms into prisons, with a focus on songwriting as a means of rehabilitation. </p> <p dir="ltr">"If you're in jail, it's a jungle. It really is. I'd hate to go there," Mr Cook says.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Because if you show any emotion, if you let on that you really love your daughter or something like that, [other prisoners] can use that against you. That's a bargaining chip for them to stand over you and get money — threaten to kill your kids, that sort of stuff."</p> <p dir="ltr">But he says, "Somehow within the context of a song, it's OK to say stuff like that, to say something like, 'I love my partner.'"</p> <p dir="ltr">As a way of dealing with feelings they believe they can’t vocalise, Mr Cook tries to get inmates to write about their feelings and experiences. </p> <p dir="ltr">However, he admits this process isn’t always straightforward. </p> <p dir="ltr">In the first session of a songwriting class, he talks about tolerance, about "not putting anyone else down, [not] being too critical".</p> <p dir="ltr">"[I also] always say in the first workshop, 'Look, your lives are really valuable … your music is so valuable.'"</p> <p dir="ltr">He says the classes can be made up of a fairly diverse group, which makes for an accepting and tolerant environment.</p> <p dir="ltr">"When you look at a group, you've got Islanders, Kooris, Middle Eastern people, bikies … They'd probably kill each other in the yard, as they tend to segregate into their own groups," Mr Cook says.</p> <p dir="ltr">"[But soon] you see a Koori guy over there working with an Asian guy and a bikie, trying to write a song, it's fantastic."</p> <p dir="ltr">It’s then over to the prisoners to perfect their songs and, if they choose, perform them for other inmates.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Once they've got it out and sung it, it's very cathartic. Just to know that somebody's listening to their story," Mr Cook says.</p> <p dir="ltr">If the inmates choose, Mr Cook helps them record their new tracks, which have been released on a series of Songbird albums over the years. </p> <p dir="ltr">"Like I always say to people in jail, music is a great way of letting off steam without hurting anyone … [But] I think the core of this is the personal transformation that comes through music," Mr Cook says.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p>

Music

Placeholder Content Image

‘Muting’ your singing partner could be the reason duets work

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Singing duos require a certain level of musical chemistry, and a recent study has confirmed it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By analysing the brain patterns of Ecuadorian plain-tailed wrens as they sang, the researchers found that each singer mutes the song-making areas of their partner’s brain as they take turns singing.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study, published in </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">, saw researchers studying the brain activity of male and female wrens singing individually and in pairs.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They said the motor circuits used for singing are temporarily inhibited in the listening partner, which helps connect the pair’s brains and coordinate turn-taking so it sounds like only one bird is singing.</span></p> <p><strong>Using our senses to take turns</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The study has also provided a new insight into how humans and other cooperative animals use sensory cues to coordinate with each other.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Eric Fortune, co-author of the study and neurobiologist at New Jersey Institute of Technology’s Department of Biological Sciences, said that timing is everything for these sorts of performances.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“What these wrens have shown us is that for any good collaboration, partners need to become ‘one’ through sensory linkages,” he said. “The take-home message is that when we are cooperating well … we become a single entity with our partners.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Think of these birds like jazz singers,” said corresponding author and associate professor of biology at Scripps College Melissa Coleman. “Duetting wrens have a rough song structure planned before they sing, but as the song evolves, they must rapidly coordinate by receiving constant input from their counterpart.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though the team expected the birds would have specialised neurons to coordinate this turn-taking, they were surprised to discover that listening to their partner is what prevents them from singing over the top.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When looking at the brain activity of birds as they sang, the neurons responsible for learning and making music would rapidly fire. But when listening to their partner, their neurons became much less active.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“You can think of inhibition as acting like a trampoline,” Fortune explained. “When the birds hear their partner, the neurons are inhibited, but just like rebounding off a trampoline, the release from that inhibition causes them to swiftly respond when it’s their time to sing.”</span></p> <p><strong>What this means for humans</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though we might not experience the same kinds of inhibition as the plain-tailed wren, poor internet connections during video conferencing or the loss of reception during a phone call affect the sensory information we use to coordinate our conversations with other people and avoid interrupting, speaking over someone, and other conversational pitfalls.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“I think this study is important for understanding how we interact with the world whenever we are trying to produce a single behaviour as two performers,” Coleman said.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“We are wired for cooperation, the same way as these jazz singing wrens.”</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Getty Images</span></em></p>

Mind

Placeholder Content Image

How this New Zealand songbird provides insights into cognitive evolution

<p>When we think about animals storing food, the image that usually comes to mind is a squirrel busily hiding nuts for the winter.</p> <p>We don’t usually think of a small songbird taking down an enormous invertebrate, tearing it into pieces and hiding these titbits in the branches of trees to snack on later in the day. But this is also a form of caching behaviour, where food is handled and stored for later consumption.</p> <p>For caching animals, the ability to recall where food is hidden is crucial for survival. My <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982219303252">research</a> into the spatial memory performance of a caching songbird, the New Zealand robin (<em>Petroica longipes</em>), shows male birds with superior memory abilities also have better breeding success.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/298439/original/file-20191024-119449-v1ha09.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em> <span class="caption">Male toutouwai with better spacial memory also raise more chicks.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Supplied</span>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" class="license">CC BY-ND</a></span></em></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Why memory matters</strong></p> <p>There’s no argument that New Zealand is home to a host of unusual birds, including the nocturnal, flightless parrot kākāpō (<em>Strigops habroptila</em>), or the hihi (<em>Notiomystis cincta</em>), the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08834.x">only bird in the world known to mate face to face</a>.</p> <p>By outward appearances, the small, grey toutouwai (Māori name for <em>P. longipes</em>) is not particularly remarkable. But its noteworthy behaviour includes <a href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/docts13.pdf">feasting on some of the world’s largest invertebrates</a>. There is only so much of a 30cm earthworm a 30g bird can eat, and rather than waste the leftovers, toutouwai will cache any surplus prey they don’t want to eat immediately.</p> <p style="text-align: right;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/298440/original/file-20191024-119463-1bfg3en.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span class="caption">Toutouwai are the only known caching species in New Zealand.</span></em></p> <p>An accurate <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135904">spatial memory is therefore crucial</a> for recovering caches and it has long been assumed that spatial memory is under <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2919184">strong selection pressure in caching species</a>.</p> <p>For selection to act on a trait, there must be individual variation that is passed onto offspring and that influences survival and reproduction. While researchers had looked at how spatial memory influences <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982219300077">winter survival in caching mountain chickadees</a>, no one had examined whether memory performance influences reproductive success in any caching species. Our <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982219303252">research</a> tackles this issue.</p> <p><strong>Measuring memory in the wild</strong></p> <p>We measured the spatial memory performance of 63 wild toutouwai during winter. We gave the birds a circular puzzle that had a mealworm treat hidden inside one of eight compartments. For each bird, we put the puzzle at the same location in their territory several times in a single day, with the food always hidden in the same spot.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static_files/files/765/spatial_test.gif?1571875385" alt="" width="100%" /> <em><span class="caption">Wild toutouwai looking for a hidden mealworm treat.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source"> SOURCE </span></span></em></p> <p>Over time, toutouwai learned the location of the hidden treat and began opening fewer compartments to find the mealworm. We then followed these same birds through the next breeding season and looked at whether their spatial memory performance (measured as the number of compartments they had to open to find the mealworm) was linked to their ability to feed chicks, and whether it influenced the survival of their offspring.</p> <p>Our results suggested that spatial memory performance influences reproductive success in toutouwai. Males with more accurate memory performance successfully raised more offspring per nest and fed larger prey to chicks.</p> <p>By contrast, we did not find the same patterns for females. This is the first evidence that spatial memory is linked to reproductive fitness in a food caching species.</p> <p><strong>Evolving intelligence</strong></p> <p>If there is such a great benefit for males in having an accurate recall of locations, why aren’t all males the best they can possibly be in terms of spatial memory performance? In other words, why didn’t all the male toutouwai we tested ace our memory task?</p> <p>Intriguingly, our results suggest a role for conflict between the sexes in maintaining variation in cognitive ability. We found no effect of memory performance on female reproductive success, suggesting that the cognitive abilities that influence reproductive behaviour may well differ for females.</p> <p>Such a difference between the sexes would ultimately constrain the effect of selection on male spatial memory, preventing strong directional selection from giving rise to uniformly exceptional memory in our toutouwai population.</p> <p>Our work produced some tantalising evidence for both the causes and consequences of variation in cognitive ability, but it also raises several more questions. For example, while we’ve shown that memory performance matters for males, we still need to examine how it influences caching behaviour.</p> <p>Another mystery that remains is why spatial memory ability may have less of an influence on female toutouwai fitness. One possibility is that longer-term spatial memory for specific locations (rather than the short-term memory we measured) may matter more for female reproduction, because females do all of the nest building and incubation.</p> <p>So far, we’ve only provided one piece of the puzzle. To get the full picture of how cognition evolves, we have many more avenues left to explore.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/125304/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: http://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/rachael-shaw-764893">Rachael Shaw</a>, Rutherford Discovery Fellow, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-of-wellington-1200">Victoria University of Wellington</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-small-new-zealand-songbird-that-hides-food-for-later-use-provides-insights-into-cognitive-evolution-125304">original article</a>.</em></p>

Music

Our Partners