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Does screen use really impact our thinking skills? Our analysis suggests it could

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michoel-moshel-1433565">Michoel Moshel</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-batchelor-1485101">Jennifer Batchelor</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joanne-bennett-1485102">Joanne Bennett</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/australian-catholic-university-747">Australian Catholic University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/wayne-warburton-402810">Wayne Warburton</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a></em></p> <p>Screens have become seamlessly integrated into our daily lives, serving as indispensable tools for work, education and leisure. But while they enrich our lives in countless ways, we often fail to consider the potential impact of screen time on our cognitive abilities.</p> <p>In a <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11065-023-09612-4">new meta-analysis</a> of dozens of earlier studies, we’ve found a clear link between disordered screen use and lower cognitive functioning.</p> <p>The findings suggest we should exercise caution before advocating for more screen time, and before introducing screens into even more aspects of daily life.</p> <h2>Young people’s screen time is increasing</h2> <p>In 2020, a UNSW Gonski Institute for Education report <a href="https://www.gie.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/UNSW%20GIE%20GUD%20Phase%201%20Technical%20Report%20MAR20%20v2.pdf">noted a concerning statistic</a>: about 84% of Australian educators believe digital technologies are distracting in a learning environment.</p> <p>And according to the ABC, a recent Beyond Blue <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-18/mental-health-depression-anxiety-support-coming-for-schools/102831464">survey</a> of Australian teachers identified excessive screen time as the second-most significant challenge for young people, just behind mental health issues.</p> <p>Despite mounting concerns, more than half of Australian schools have embraced a “<a href="https://www.linewize.io/anz/blog/the-rise-of-byod-in-australian-schools">bring your own device</a>” policy. Students are spending more time online than <a href="https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/students-computers-and-learning_9789264239555-en#page46">ever before</a> and starting at increasingly younger ages. A 2021 report by <a href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/8-18-census-integrated-report-final-web_0.pdf">Common Sense Media</a> estimated tweens spend an average of 5 hours and 33 minutes using screen-based entertainment each day, while teenagers devote a whopping 8 hours and 39 minutes.</p> <p>A surge in screen use has led to some individuals, including children, adolescents and adults, developing screen-related addictions. One example is gaming disorder, for which <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0004867420962851">2–3% of people</a> meet the criteria.</p> <h2>What is ‘disordered screen use’?</h2> <p>The impact of screens on our cognitive abilities – that is, our thinking skills such as attention, memory, language and problem-solving – has sparked much debate.</p> <p>On one hand, some researchers and reporters claim screen use can have negative effects, such as <a href="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-12701-3">health problems</a>, shortened attention <a href="https://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/">spans</a> and hindered <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312489265_The_relationship_between_television_exposure_and_children's_cognition_and_behaviour_A_systematic_review">development</a>.</p> <p>On the other, schools are <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/education/tech-takeover-classrooms-crowded-with-digital-devices-20200125-p53ul1.html">increasingly adopting</a> technology to boost student engagement. Tech companies are also marketing their products as tools to help you enhance your problem-solving and memory skills.</p> <p>Our <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11065-023-09612-4">recent study</a> sought to understand the potential cognitive consequences of “disordered screen-related behaviours”. This is a broad category of problematic behaviours that may include screen dependency, and persisting with screen use even when it’s harmful.</p> <p>We conducted a meta-analysis of 34 studies that explored various forms of screen use (including gaming, internet browsing, smartphone use and social media use) and compared the cognitive performance of individuals with disordered screen use to those without it.</p> <p>Our findings paint a concerning picture.</p> <h2>Differences in cognitive function</h2> <p>Across these rigorously peer-reviewed studies, individuals with disordered screen use consistently demonstrated significantly poorer cognitive performance compared to others.</p> <p>The most affected cognitive domain was attention, and specifically sustained attention, which is the ability to maintain focus on an unchanging stimulus for an extended period.</p> <p>The second-most notable difference was in their “executive functioning” – particularly in impulse control, which is the ability to control one’s automatic responses.</p> <p>Interestingly, the type of screen activity didn’t make a difference in the results. The trend also wasn’t confined to children, but was observed across all age groups.</p> <h2>Two ways to interpret the results</h2> <p>Why do people with disordered screen-related behaviours have poorer cognitive functioning?</p> <p>The first explanation is that disordered screen use actually leads to poorer cognitive function, including poorer attention skills (but we’ll need more experimental and longitudinal studies to establish causality).</p> <p>If this is the case, it may be the result of being constantly bombarded by algorithms and features designed to capture our attention. By diverting our focus outward, screen use may weaken one’s intrinsic ability to concentrate over time.</p> <p>Crucially, impaired attention also <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/10/1/article-p77.xml">makes it harder to disengage</a> from addictive behaviours, and would therefore make it harder to recognise when screen use has become a problem.</p> <p>The second explanation is that people who already have poorer cognitive functioning (such as less inhibitory control) are more likely to engage in disordered screen use.</p> <p>This could be a result of the plethora of addictive cues designed to keep us glued to our screens. Being bombarded by these could make it harder to <a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2006/9/4/article-p990.xml">pull the brakes</a> on screen use.</p> <p>Although the literature doesn’t seem to favour this explanation – and does seem to suggest that cognitive functioning is impaired as a result of disordered screen use – it’s still a possibility we can’t rule out.</p> <p>Attention is the bedrock of everyday tasks. People with weakened attention may struggle to keep up in less stimulating environments, such as a static workplace or classroom. They may find themselves turning to a screen as a result.</p> <p>Similarly, people with less inhibitory control would also find it more challenging to moderate their screen use. This could be what drives them towards problematic screen-related behaviours in the first place.</p> <h2>Who should shoulder the responsibility?</h2> <p>Research indicates people with impaired cognitive functioning usually aren’t as well equipped to moderate their own screen time.</p> <p>Many users with disordered screen use are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563220302326?casa_token=BQv_N_MFffYAAAAA:AsGkAfdwXjCZHJB463G40Mx-ckS2Q1c8jSOn2SWR_9iW64eWaQsru1IJAZBDCgSPXwhZ3Qwl">young</a>, with mainly males engaging in internet gaming and mainly females engaging in social media use. Neurodiverse people are <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/9/5587">also at greater risk</a>.</p> <p>Tech companies are driven by the goal of <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/18/netflix-competitor-sleep-uber-facebook">capturing our attention</a>. For instance, Netflix chief executive Reed Hastings acknowledged the company’s <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/18/netflix-competitor-sleep-uber-facebook">most formidable competitor was sleep</a>.</p> <p>At the same time, researchers find themselves struggling to keep up with the pace of technological innovation. A potential path forward is to encourage open-access data policies from tech companies, so researchers can delve deeper into the study of screen use and its effect on individuals. <!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/216828/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michoel-moshel-1433565">Michoel Moshel</a>, PhD/Masters Clinical Neuropsychology Candidate, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-batchelor-1485101">Jennifer Batchelor</a>, Associate Professor, School of Psychological Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joanne-bennett-1485102">Joanne Bennett</a>, Lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/australian-catholic-university-747">Australian Catholic University</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/wayne-warburton-402810">Wayne Warburton</a>, Associate Professor, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/macquarie-university-1174">Macquarie University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/does-screen-use-really-impact-our-thinking-skills-our-analysis-suggests-it-could-216828">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Mind

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Victoria Beckham's cooking skills hilariously slammed by her own daughter

<p>Victoria Beckham's cooking skills have been playfully roasted by her daughter, Harper Beckham.</p> <p>In an Instagram story shared to her 31.4 million followers, the former Spice Girl documented a family baking session featuring herself, husband David Beckham, and their daughter Harper.</p> <p>David was filmed in the middle of whipping up an apple crumble using apples from the "Beckham Orchard," while Harper was busy baking chocolate chip cookies.</p> <p>While the father-daughter duo were channeling their inner baker, Victoria was filming the moment and asked Harper whether she inherited her culinary talents from her mum or dad.</p> <p>"Did you learn to cook from daddy or mummy?" Victoria asked Harper in the light-hearted clip.</p> <p>With a mischievous grin, Harper retorted, "Mummy, you can't even make cereal!"</p> <p>"Oh wow, Mummy can't even make cereal," Victoria responded. </p> <p>"Well you can make chicken Kiev but that comes from M&amp;S," the 12-year-old said, adding insult to injury. </p> <p>M&amp;S (Marks and Spencer) is the local British retailer, which specialises in clothing, food and home products among other things. </p> <p>Victoria hilariously captioned the video: "I get it Harper… I can't cook."</p> <p>The Beckhams often invite fans into their kitchen through their social media, and document their cooking escapades. </p> <p>Watch the full clip <a href="https://kitchen.nine.com.au/latest/harper-beckham-roasts-mum-victoria-beckham-cooking-skills-in-new-clip/e538cdaa-f295-427d-b334-4bb7351da1bd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>. </p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Family & Pets

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Flex your sustainability skills this Plastic Free July

<p dir="ltr">It’s no secret that single-use plastics are often a huge part of our lives, with grocery items and household essentials often relying on plastic for their packaging. </p> <p dir="ltr">However, if you look a little further, you’ll find that there are sustainable options out there to help curb your plastic consumption. </p> <p dir="ltr">The annual global initiative of <a href="https://www.plasticfreejuly.org/">Plastic Free July</a> is once again taking place, with over 190 countries determined to be a part of the plastic pollution solution. </p> <p dir="ltr">Plastic Free July is a great opportunity to discover more sustainable options in day to life, while also helping to save valuable dollars during the ongoing cost of living crisis. </p> <p dir="ltr">In collaboration with this international movement, <a href="https://www.brita.com.au/">BRITA</a> have shared ten valuable tips to help reduce individual plastic waste contribution in everyday life. </p> <ol> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Make the switch to a filtered water jug and reusable bottle instead of drinking single-use bottles of water at home or at the office.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Instead of plastic food wraps, choose alternatives such as beeswax wraps or reusable containers.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Try a bamboo toothbrush instead of a plastic one.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Skip the plastic straw or buy stainless steel straws to reduce dangerous plastic waste caused by used straws. Think of the turtles!</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Try out powdered laundry detergent that comes in a box instead of laundry liquid in plastic bottles.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Swap plastic bin liners for newspaper or certified compostable ones instead.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Avoiding pre-packaged foods by choosing bulk or loose food. Or, better yet, take in your own jars. </p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Use soap bars instead of liquid soap in plastic containers.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Use your own cutlery when ordering takeaway food, instead of relying on plastic ones.</p> </li> <li dir="ltr" aria-level="1"> <p dir="ltr" role="presentation">Always consider the three R’s for a better planet – reduce, reuse, recycle!</p> </li> </ol> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image credits: Getty Images </em></p>

Home & Garden

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Princess of Wales shows off her tree-decorating skills

<p dir="ltr">The Princess of Wales has given fans another glimpse into her Christmas spirit ahead of the holiday season.</p> <p dir="ltr">A few hours before her second annual <em>Royal Carols: Together at Christmas</em> concert, the Princess shared a video of herself decorating a tree.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Final touches before the #TogetherAtChristmas' Carol Service tomorrow," the caption read.</p> <p dir="ltr">The video shows a cheerful Kate dressed in a white turtle neck as she decorates a festive fir at Westminster Abbey.</p> <p dir="ltr">Fans commented on the video, wishing the Royal Family a Merry Christmas.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to Prince and Princess,” someone wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Season greetings your RH Catherine Princess of Wales,” another commented.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Final touches ahead of the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TogetherAtChristmas?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#TogetherAtChristmas</a> Carol Service tomorrow 🎄 <a href="https://t.co/mixjI8d5TD">pic.twitter.com/mixjI8d5TD</a></p> <p>— The Prince and Princess of Wales (@KensingtonRoyal) <a href="https://twitter.com/KensingtonRoyal/status/1603129389927071749?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 14, 2022</a></p></blockquote> <p dir="ltr">“What a beautiful video. I’m so excited,” someone else wrote.</p> <p dir="ltr">The concert was a family affair with the support of Prince William, King Charles and the Queen Consort.</p> <p dir="ltr">The concert also celebrated the life of Queen Elizabeth II, who died on September 8.</p> <p dir="ltr">There were several choir performances of Christmas classics, including readings by the Prince of Wales and an introduction from The Princess of Wales.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Royal Carols: Together at Christmas </em>is set to air on ITV on Christmas Eve.</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: Twitter</em></p>

Beauty & Style

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Coins covered in coded clues will test your spy skills

<p dir="ltr">A new, limited edition 50-cent coin covered in coded messages is more than just a mental puzzle for coin collectors - its creators hope it can help identify some of Australia’s next foreign intelligence recruits.</p> <p dir="ltr">The commemorative coin was released on Thursday to mark the 75th anniversary of the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD), the country’s foreign intelligence cybersecurity agency.</p> <p dir="ltr">Though they won’t be available for circulation, 50,00 of the unique coins will be available to purchase from the Royal Australian Mint.</p> <p><span id="docs-internal-guid-91d5a6fc-7fff-bb93-5d60-cff3220f11f5"></span></p> <p dir="ltr">Each coin features four levels of coded messages that become more difficult to solve - though clues can be found on either side of the coin.</p> <p><iframe style="border: none; overflow: hidden;" src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FRoyalAustralianMint%2Fposts%2Fpfbid0NUz7VxNyNToHFmQzbPFTNi2rYo4Vvngztz8nmQssosevJzo2ExGpxdp5fumXeXcol&amp;show_text=false&amp;width=500" width="500" height="498" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p> <p dir="ltr">ASD Director General Rachel Noble said the coin celebrated the work of the members of the agency and the evolution of code-breaking over the past seven-and-a-half decades.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Back in World War II, our people, military and civilian, and mostly women … used pencil and paper to decode Japanese military codes, and then re-encode them to send them out to the allies to let them know where Japanese war fighters were," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">"We have used that part of our history in different layers, which represent the progress of encryption and technology through our 75 years."</p> <p dir="ltr">The puzzling currency also serves another purpose, with Ms Noble adding that those who can crack the codes could be "pretty well-placed" to work at the ASD.</p> <p dir="ltr">"We thought this was a really fun way to engage people in code-breaking with the hope that, if they make it through all four levels of coding on the coin, maybe they'll apply for a job at the Australian Signals Directorate," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr">Royal Mint chief executive Leugh Gordon said the coin was created with the help of cryptography experts, but that even with their help it still proved a challenge to get the codes onto the coin.</p> <p dir="ltr">"While the 50-cent piece is Australia's biggest coin, it still doesn't have a lot of surface area," he said.</p> <p dir="ltr">"Ensuring people could see the code to decrypt it was one of the challenges our people were able to solve with ASD, to create a unique and special product."</p> <p dir="ltr">It's not the first time secretive workplaces have used unusual recruiting drives, with the Australian Secret Intelligence Service releasing an online test targeting Australia's next generation of spies in 2017, while ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation) took to Instagram last year to show the secrecy surrounding the lives of modern spies.</p> <p dir="ltr">Ms Noble said those who crack the code won't get their hands on any top secret information, but instead will find "some wonderful, uplifting messages".</p> <p dir="ltr">"Like the early code breakers in ASD, you can get through some of the layers with but a pencil and paper but, right towards the end, you may need a computer to solve the last level," she said.</p> <p dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-73e50ae0-7fff-e141-a245-39a4ce9b8192"></span></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Image: Royal Australian Mint</em></p>

Money & Banking

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32 little life skills everyone needs to be a grown-up

<p>Balance a budget<br />The old advice used to be that everyone needed to know how to balance their chequebook, but thanks to digital banking and credit cards, check registers have gone the way of the woolly mammoth. But that doesn’t mean that budgeting, perhaps the most important household skill there is, should too. In lieu of a physical accounting, make sure you know how to track your income and expenses. You can create your own spreadsheet at home or use an app, but whatever you do, make sure you do it.</p> <p>Say “no”<br />For such a short word, it’s amazing how many of us have a hard time saying it. But learning how to graciously but firmly say “no” – without padding it with excuses or white lies – is a critical life skill. If you’re one of those people who automatically says “yes” when someone asks you to do something and feels guilty saying “no,” try saying “I need to think about it” instead. That will give you time to think through your schedule and decide if it’s something you can really do without the pressure of having the person’s pleading eyes boring into you. And remember: Every time you say “yes” to one thing (like working late), you’re also saying “no” to everything else (like the gym, dinner with your family, and a reasonable bedtime).</p> <p>Boil an egg<br />Eggs are a cheap source of quality protein, and when you boil them you add portable to their list of wonderful qualities. But boiling the perfect egg can be tricky – too short and you end up with gross gooey whites, too long and you have a bouncy ball that crumbles when you try to bite into it. Listen up adults: It doesn’t have to be hard.</p> <p>Accept criticism<br />You did something wrong? Congratulations, you’re human! Unfortunately we often treat mistakes as personal failures, which makes hearing about them upsetting (to put it mildly), and when others try to offer criticism it can unleash your inner Hulk. But if you can teach yourself to see mistakes as learning opportunities instead, it makes them – and the inevitable criticism that comes with them – so much easier to handle.</p> <p>Sew on a button<br />Clothing quality has been markedly decreasing over the years, and unfortunately, so have sewing skills. This means that not only is a popped button, a hanging hem, or a hole in a sweater inevitable (thank you fast fashion!) but you’re stuck buying a new item or relying on safety pins in weird places instead of doing what should be a simple fix.</p> <p>Understand consequences<br />Want to party but not wake up with a hangover? Stuff yourself with cake but not gain weight? Take off every Friday but still have a job on Monday? Speed but never get a ticket? Well, we’re sorry to be the ones to break this to you, but this is not the way the world works. (Usually.) We all know this on an intellectual level, and yet we rage against it on an emotional level, living as if we don’t understand the immutable law of consequences. So here you go: When you make a choice to do something, you are also choosing the consequence. It’s a package deal.</p> <p>Change a tyre<br />The NRMA and roadside service are a godsend for sure, but it takes only one time of having your car tyre go flat on a mountain road two hours away from the nearest town to make you realise the importance of knowing how to change a tyre. You won’t need to use this skill very often (we hope!) but it’s well worth the time spent learning it for the handful of times you do. After all, mountain roads are fun to drive!</p> <p>Have a face-to-face conversation<br />Communicating with another person while looking them in the eye may be humankind’s oldest skill, but in an age of FaceTime, texting and email we’re rapidly losing the talent for robust conversation. Yet nothing shows your interest and commitment more than simply talking with someone in person. Once the conversation is flowing, remember the golden ratio: 51 percent listening, 49 percent talking.</p> <p>Change a nappy<br />Babies are tiny, fragile humans that literally have holes in their skulls, so it makes sense that a lot of people are nervous to be left alone with them. But newborns not as breakable as they first seem, and learning a few basics, including changing a nappy, can go a long way toward making you look and feel like a competent caregiver. Even if you don’t have kids, knowing how to change a nappy can still come in handy in case of a babysitting emergency. Thankfully modern nappies make this a pretty painless process.</p> <p>Pay a bill<br />Paying your bills is Adulting 101, but it’s not as simple as handing over the money. You need to read through the bill and make sure it’s correct, check your bank balance for sufficient funds, ensure you’re paying it in a timely fashion, use the correct method, and make sure they got it and applied it correctly to your account.</p> <p>Do a load of laundry<br />Who doesn’t love the feel of freshly washed sheets? Or the look of white socks? Or the reassurance of clean underwear? No one, that’s who. The importance of learning how to properly use your washer and dryer cannot be overstated.</p> <p>A good work ethic<br />There comes a day in every young person’s life when no one is kicking them out of bed in the morning and telling them where to be and when. It’s a milestone moment when you realise it’s all on you to make sure you get to work, do all your work, and not do too much work – and then get ‘er done.</p> <p>Understand a lease agreement<br />Your parents probably didn’t make you sign a lease to live at home, but it’s likely that everyone you live with thereafter will have some paperwork waiting for your John Hancock. Unfortunately, leases can be full of legalese and tricky to read, often coming with ironclad provisions that can come back to bite you in the butt later if you don’t understand what you’re signing.</p> <p>Do your own taxes<br />Taxes have a bad rep for being hair-pulling, pillow-screaming, papers of frustration. And with good reason. But just because they’re complicated, boring and crazy-making doesn’t give you a pass on doing them. So why not skip the pain and just pay someone else to do them for you? Doing your own taxes, even if it’s just for one year, gives you vital insight into how your own finances work and a better understanding of how the government works.</p> <p>Cook a meal<br />Spaghetti counts. So does chicken and rice. Frozen pizza does not (sorry). Learning to make a meal, from selecting a recipe to shopping for ingredients, to cooking to clean-up, is a vital life skill for anyone who likes to eat. (So, everyone.) You don’t have to be a chef or even make something with more than five ingredients, but you’ll be amazed at how empowering and fun it can be to play around in the kitchen.</p> <p>Write a resume<br />Getting a job helps decide everything from where you live to what you eat to how happy you are, so pick a good one. Step one to getting your dream job? Crafting a solid resume.</p> <p>Shop for groceries<br />He’s making a list and he’s checking it twice – and we’re not talking about Santa, we’re talking about you. Walking into a store without a plan is the fastest way to blow your budget and end up home with three boxes of doughnuts and no milk. Making the effort to plan your meals, write an organised list, and shop from said list will save you money, time and frustration. To make it easier, keep a running list throughout the week, adding items as you go. Some pro shoppers find it helpful to make categories, like produce, dairy and frozen – so you don’t have to zigzag around the store to find all the stuff on your list.</p> <p>Have good table manners<br />Chew with your mouth closed. Know what fork is for which dish. Put a cloth napkin on your lap. Chew with your mouth closed. Don’t pick up food with your fingers. Don’t slurp your soup. Serve food from communal dishes to your plate, not your mouth. Oh, and did we mention chewing with your mouth closed? Make your mother proud and use your good table manners, whether you’re eating at home, at the local cafe, or a four-star restaurant.</p> <p>Drill a hole<br />Basic home repairs like drilling a hole, levelling a picture, unclogging a toilet, fixing a leaky tap, repairing small holes in drywall and other household fixes will make your life simpler and save your hard-earned cash.</p> <p>Navigating public transport<br />Cars are great but buses, trains, trams and ferries are a daily necessity for many city dwellers, so knowing how to use them efficiently is a handy skill. Even if you don’t live in an area where mass transit is a thing, knowing how to navigate public transportation can be a lifesaver when you travel, especially in foreign countries.</p> <p class="p1"><em>Written by Charlotte Hilton Andersen. This article first appeared on <a href="https://www.readersdigest.com.au/culture/32-little-life-skills-everyone-needs-to-be-a-grown-up"><span class="s1">Reader’s Digest</span></a>. For more of what you love from the world’s best-loved magazine, <a href="http://readersdigest.com.au/subscribe"><span class="s1">here’s our best subscription offer</span></a>.</em></p>

Mind

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Samantha Armytage shows off dance skills in never before seen wedding photo

<p><span><em>Sunrise</em> host Samantha Armytage started 2021 married to the love of her life, after tying the knot with Richard Lavender in an intimate wedding on New Years Eve.</span><br /><br /><span>The pair said their “I do’s” on Richard’s stunning 40-hectare property located in Bowral NSW.</span><br /><br /><span>The 44-year-old has only released a handful of photographs from the day, but now another has been shared with fans which shows her holding a glass of champagne and dances with a friend’s young daughter.</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7839380/sam-armytage.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/b2a0549c16d045059db94ad5971a15a3" /><br /><br /><span>The journalist looked glowing and radiant in a Carla Zampatti satin high-neck dress, featuring long sleeves and an below-the-knee hemline.</span><br /><br /><span>The special moment was captured and shared on social media by Sam's good friend, Adene Cassidy, who wrote: "Congratulations Mrs Lavender ~ just the best way to kick 2020 to the curb. Thanks for coming to the rescue (again) @kashayaco 😘💐."</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height: 281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7839378/sam-armytage-2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/89378889950a45209674253a586376ee" /><br /><br /><span>Sam and Richard wed in front of a small group of immediate family and friends at midday on Thursday, December 31st.</span></p>

Relationships

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Traditional skills help people on the tourism-deprived Pacific Islands survive the pandemic

<p>Tourism in the South Pacific has been <a href="https://theconversation.com/sun-sand-and-uncertainty-the-promise-and-peril-of-a-pacific-tourism-bubble-139661">hit hard by COVID-19</a> border closures with thousands of people out of work.</p> <p>Tourism normally provides one in four jobs in Vanuatu and one in three jobs in Cook Islands. It contributes <a href="https://pic.or.jp/ja/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2018-Annual-Visitor-Arrivals-ReportF.pdf">between 20% and 70% of the GDP</a> of countries spanning from Samoa and Vanuatu to Fiji and Cook Islands.</p> <p>But our <a href="https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/15742">research</a> shows how people are surviving – and in some cases, thriving – in the face of significant loss of income.</p> <p>This is due in part to their reliance on customary knowledge, systems and practices.</p> <p><strong>Islands impacted by border closures</strong></p> <p>The research involved an online survey completed by 106 people, along with interviews in six tourism-dependent locations across five countries.</p> <p>Research associates based in these countries did interviews in places such as villages next to resorts, or communities that regularly provided cultural tours for cruise ship passengers.</p> <p>They spoke with former and current tourism workers, community members and business owners who reflected on how they had adapted and what they hoped the future would hold.</p> <p>Almost 90% of survey respondents lived in households facing significant reductions in income. Owners of tourism-related businesses faced particular financial strain, with 85% of them saying they lost three-quarters or more of their usual income.</p> <p>But people showed considerable adaptive capacities and resilience in devising a range of strategies to meet their needs in the face of this dramatic loss of earnings.</p> <p>More than half the respondents were growing food for their families. Many were also fishing. People talked about using the natural abundance of the land and sea to provide food.</p> <p>One person from Rarotonga, part of the Cook Islands, said “no one is going hungry” and this was due to a number of factors:</p> <ol> <li>people had access to customary land on which to grow food</li> <li>traditional systems meant neighbours, clan members and church communities helped to provide for those who were more vulnerable</li> <li>there was still sufficient knowledge within communities to teach younger members who had lost jobs how to grow food and fish.</li> </ol> <p>One young man from Samoa, who had lost his job in a hotel, said:</p> <p><em>Like our family, everyone else has gone back to the land … I’ve had to relearn skills that have been not been used for years, skills in planting and especially in fishing … I am very happy with the plantation of mixed crops I have now and feeling confident we will be OK moving forward in these times of uncertainty.</em></p> <p><strong>Alternative livelihood options</strong></p> <p>People also engaged in a wide range of initiatives to earn cash, from selling products from their farms (fruit, root crops, other vegetables, cocoa, pigs and chickens) and the sea (a wide range of fish and shellfish) to starting small businesses.</p> <p>Examples included planting flowers to sell in bunches along the roadside, making doughnuts to take to the market, or offering sewing, yard maintenance or hair-cutting services.</p> <p>Goods and services were also <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/08/two-piglets-for-a-kayak-fiji-returns-to-barter-system-as-covid-19-hits-economy">bartered</a>, rather than exchanged for cash.</p> <p>Sometimes social groups banded together to encourage one another in activities that earned an income. For example, a youth group near the resort island of Denarau, in Fiji, gained a contract to provide weekly catering for a rugby club.</p> <p><strong>When times are hard, it’s not all bad</strong></p> <p>Our study also examined four aspects of well-being: mental, financial, social and physical. Understandably, there was a clear decline in financial well-being. This was sometimes associated with greater stress and conflict within households.</p> <p>As one Cook Islands man said:</p> <p><em>There’s so many people in the house that we’re fighting over who’s going to pay for this, who’s going to pay for that.</em></p> <p>But the impacts on social, mental and physical well-being were mixed, with quite a number of people showing improvements.</p> <p><strong>How has COVID-19 impacted on the wellbeing of your family, household or community?</strong></p> <p>Many people were effusive in their responses when talking about how they now had more time with family, especially children. This was particularly the case for women who had previously worked long hours in the tourism sector. As one said:</p> <p><em>I feel staying (at home) during this pandemic has really helped a lot, especially with my kids. Now everything is in order. The spending of quality time with my family has been excellent and awesome.</em></p> <p>Others expressed satisfaction they had more time for meeting religious and cultural obligations. As one said, “everyone is more connected now”, and people had more time to look after others in the community:</p> <p><em>Extended family harmony has improved, particularly with checking welfare of others who may need help during this time.</em></p> <p>Business owners appreciated the chance to “rest and recharge”. As one Fijian business owner said:</p> <p><em>This break has given us a new breath of life. We have since analysed and pondered on what are the most important things in life apart from money. We have strengthened our relationships with friends and family, worked together, laughed and enjoyed each other’s company.</em></p> <p>These early research findings suggest customary systems are effectively supporting people’s resilience and well-being in the Pacific. A Pacific ethos of caring, respect, social and ecological custodianship and togetherness has softened the harsh blow of the COVID-19-induced economic slowdown.</p> <p><em>Written by <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/regina-scheyvens-650907">Regina Scheyvens</a>, Massey University and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/apisalome-movono-1108178">Apisalome Movono</a>, Massey University. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/traditional-skills-help-people-on-the-tourism-deprived-pacific-islands-survive-the-pandemic-148987">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

Cruising

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Is Archie falling behind? Duchess Meghan says one-year-old lacks social skills

<div class="post_body_wrapper"> <div class="post_body"> <div class="body_text "> <p>Meghan Markle is reportedly worried about her son Archie as he doesn't have enough interaction with toddlers his own age.</p> <p>Meghan also wishes she could join a 'Mommy and Me' to be around other new mothers.</p> <p>"Meghan said Archie needs to learn emotional and social skills by being around other young children, something he can't do with adults," an insider revealed to <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8498177/Meghan-bemoans-Archie-lack-social-skills-doesnt-interact-toddlers.html" target="_blank" class="_e75a791d-denali-editor-page-rtflink"><em>Daily Mail</em></a>.</p> <p>"Meghan said ideally they (she and Archie) would be in a baby group class that met in person a couple of times a week. This would give Archie the opportunity to play with other toddlers and help develop his brain."</p> <blockquote style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B41zRstlfEY/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="12"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"></div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B41zRstlfEY/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank">A post shared by The Duke and Duchess of Sussex (@sussexroyal)</a> on Nov 14, 2019 at 1:22am PST</p> </div> </blockquote> <p>There is little opportunity for Archie to be around other toddlers as the Sussex family have been holed up in a mega-mansion in Los Angeles since March.</p> <p>Meghan is well aware that this could have an impact on Archie developmentally.</p> <p>"Meghan said she would love to be part of a 'Mommy and Me' community, but knows this is impossible even if there was no COVID-19 because of who she is. She said she's just too well known to do normal things," the friend said.  </p> <p>"Meghan does take advantage of connecting with others online and on Zoom, but says it's just not the same as in person. </p> <p>"Plus the consistency of biweekly 'Mommy and Me' classes would be good for Archie and a place where she could just be a mom and make new lifelong friends."</p> <p>The Sussex family have only been spotted out of their home a handful of times since their move to LA, but have been making video messages for various causes.</p> </div> </div> </div>

Relationships

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Kate Middleton shows off athletic skills at the London Stadium

<p><span>The Duchess of Cambridge showed off her sporty side as she visited a SportsAid event at the London Stadium on Wednesday morning.</span></p> <p><span>The 38-year-old stepped out in trainers for the public engagement, where she spoke with young athletes and their parents to hear about their experiences, the challenges they face, and the support they receive from the charity.</span></p> <p><span>She tried her hand at track and field starts as well as Taekwondo alongside the athletes.</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr">The Duchess packs a punch <a href="https://t.co/mNeEyXoQCT">pic.twitter.com/mNeEyXoQCT</a></p> — Richard Palmer (@RoyalReporter) <a href="https://twitter.com/RoyalReporter/status/1232640017073364993?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 26, 2020</a></blockquote> <p><span>Taekwondo athlete Lutalo Muhammad, who taught the Duchess moves, said her performance was “a lot better than expected”, <em><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/gallery/2020022685373/kate-middleton-jessica-ennis-hill-sports-aid-london-stadium/1/" target="_blank">HELLO</a> </em>reported<a href="https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/gallery/2020022685373/kate-middleton-jessica-ennis-hill-sports-aid-london-stadium/1/" data-mce-fragment="1"></a>.</span></p> <p><span>“She did well actually,” Muhammad said. “Her right hand is mean. I hope she never has to use it for self-defence but at least she’s got some skills now.”</span></p> <p><span>Duchess Kate became the patron of SportsAid in 2013, a year after she took on the role of ambassador for the London 2012 Olympics.</span></p> <p><span>She and husband Prince William are set to embark on a royal tour of Ireland next week.</span></p>

Beauty & Style

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One skill that doesn't deteriorate with age

<p>When Toni Morrison <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/06/toni-morrison-author-and-pulitzer-winner-dies-aged-88">died on Aug. 5</a>, the world lost one of its most influential literary voices.</p> <p>But Morrison wasn’t a literary wunderkind. <em><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/11337.The_Bluest_Eye?ac=1&amp;from_search=true">The Bluest Eye</a></em>, Morrison’s first novel, wasn’t published until she was 39. And her last, <em>God Help the Child</em>, appeared when she was 84. Morrison published four novels, four children’s books, many essays and other works of nonfiction after the age of 70.</p> <p>Morrison isn’t unique in this regard. Numerous writers produce significant work well into their 70s, 80s and even their 90s. Herman Wouk, for example, was 97 when he published his final novel, <a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/14546758-the-lawgiver?ac=1&amp;from_search=true"><em>The Lawgiver</em></a>.</p> <p>Such literary feats underscore an important point: Age doesn’t seem to diminish our capacity to speak, write and learn new vocabulary. Our eyesight may dim and our recall may falter, but, by comparison, our ability to produce and to comprehend language is well preserved into older adulthood.</p> <p>In our forthcoming book, <em><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/changing-minds-1">Changing Minds: How Aging Affects Language and How Language Affects Aging</a></em>, my co-author, Richard M. Roberts, and I highlight some of the latest research that has emerged on language and aging. For those who might fear the loss of their language abilities as they grow older, there’s plenty of good news to report.</p> <p><strong>Language mastery is a lifelong journey</strong></p> <p>Some aspects of our language abilities, such as our knowledge of word meanings, actually improve during middle and late adulthood.</p> <p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10862969509547878">One study</a>, for example, found that older adults living in a retirement community near Chicago had an average vocabulary size of over 21,000 words. The researchers also studied a sample of college students and found that their average vocabularies included only about 16,000 words.</p> <p><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gitit_Kave/publication/271333928_Doubly_Blessed_Older_Adults_Know_More_Vocabulary_and_Know_Better_What_They_Know/links/5665d0f308ae192bbf92726d/Doubly-Blessed-Older-Adults-Know-More-Vocabulary-and-Know-Better-What-They-Know.pdf">In another study</a>, older adult speakers of Hebrew – with an average age of 75 – performed better than younger and middle-aged participants on discerning the meaning of words.</p> <p>On the other hand, our language abilities sometimes function as a canary in the cognitive coal mine: They can be a sign of future mental impairment decades before such issues manifest themselves.</p> <p>In 1996, epidemiologist David Snowdon and a team of researchers <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susan_Kemper/publication/14593027_Linguistic_Ability_in_Early_Life_and_Cognitive_Function_and_Alzheimer%27s_Disease_in_Late_Life_Findings_From_the_Nun_Study/links/0046351854821c5a35000000.pdf">studied</a> the writing samples of women who had become nuns. They found that the grammatical complexity of essays written by the nuns when they joined their religious order could predict which sisters would develop dementia several decades later. (Hundreds of nuns <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-aug-22-la-na-nuns-brains-20100822-story.html">have donated their brains to science</a>, and this allows for a conclusive diagnosis of dementia.)</p> <p>While Toni Morrison’s writing remained searingly clear and focused as she aged, other authors have not been as fortunate. The prose in Iris Murdoch’s final novel, “<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56089.Jackson_s_Dilemma">Jackson’s Dilemma</a>,” suggests some degree of cognitive impairment. Indeed, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Iris-Murdoch#ref664797">she died from dementia-related causes</a> four years after its publication.</p> <p><strong>Don’t put down that book</strong></p> <p>Our ability to read and write can be preserved well into older adulthood. Making use of these abilities is important, because reading and writing seem to prevent cognitive decline.</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw076">Keeping a journal</a>, for example, has been shown to substantially reduce the risk of developing various forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.</p> <p>Reading fiction, meanwhile, has been associated with a longer lifespan. A <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.014">large-scale study</a> conducted by the Yale University School of Public Health found that people who read books for at least 30 minutes a day lived, on average, nearly two years longer than nonreaders. This effect persisted even after controlling for factors like gender, education and health. The researchers suggest that the imaginative work of constructing a fictional universe in our heads helps grease our cognitive wheels.</p> <p>Language is a constant companion during our life journey, so perhaps it’s no surprise that it’s interwoven into our health and our longevity. And researchers continue to make discoveries about the connections between language and aging. For example, <a href="http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&amp;sid=c96fe951-c06d-48e4-bf96-eb00c2f8f70e%40sdc-v-sessmgr01">a study published in July 2019</a> found that studying a foreign language in older adulthood improves overall cognitive functioning.</p> <p>A thread seems to run through most of the findings: In order to age well, it helps to keep writing, reading and talking.</p> <p>While few of us possess the gifts of a Toni Morrison, all of us stand to gain by continuing to flex our literary muscles.</p> <p><em>Written by Roger J. Kreuz and Richard M. Roberts. Republished with permission of </em><a rel="noopener" href="https://theconversation.com/one-skill-that-doesnt-deteriorate-with-age-122613" target="_blank"><em>The Conversation</em></a><em>. </em></p>

Mind

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"Super-recognisers" accurately pick out a face in a crowd – but can this skill be taught?

<p>Yenny is 26 years old, lives in Melbourne, and has a very specific talent.</p> <p>One day, she was driving her car when she recognised a man who had been several years below her at high school and whom she hadn’t seen for more than ten years. What makes this particularly impressive is that she recognised him from the briefest glimpse in her rear-view mirror while he was driving the car behind hers.</p> <p>Yenny recounts many such amazing feats of recognition and is one of a very small proportion of the population known as “super-recognisers”. She was the top performer on a<span> </span><a href="https://facetest.psy.unsw.edu.au/">national test of face recognition abilities</a><span> </span>in Australia, coming first out of 20,000 participants.</p> <p>Could you learn to spot a face as well as Yenny? Well … maybe. Our<span> </span><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211037">new research</a><span> </span>shows that many training courses offered in this field of expertise are ineffective in improving people’s accuracy in face identification.</p> <p>But other ways of learning how to identify faces may work; we’re just not yet sure exactly how.</p> <p><strong>In-demand expertise</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904192/">Super-recognisers</a><span> </span>are used by police and security agencies to spot targets in crowded train stations, monitor surveillance footage, and track people of interest.</p> <p>During the 2011 London riots, for example, super-recognisers from the Metropolitan Police<span> </span><a href="http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150611-the-superpower-police-now-use-to-tackle-crime">identified more than 600 people</a><span> </span>from very poor-quality surveillance footage – a task that not even the best facial recognition software can perform reliably.</p> <p>So can anyone become a super-recogniser? Can you make up for a lack of superpowers through training? In our<span> </span><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211037">paper</a><span> </span>we assessed the effectiveness of training courses given to practitioners who make facial identification decisions for a living.</p> <p>We reviewed 11 training courses that comply with international training standards from Australia, UK, US and Finland.</p> <p>We found that training courses typically teach facial anatomy – focusing on the muscles, bones and shape of the face – and instruct trainees to inspect faces feature by feature. Novices and genuine trainees completed one of four training courses and we tracked their identification accuracy from before to after training.</p> <p>Surprisingly, we found the training courses had almost no effect on people’s accuracy. This was especially surprising to the people who took the training – an astonishing 93% of trainees thought the training had improved their ability to identify faces.</p> <p>Our research shows that even the world’s best available training – used to train police, border control agents, forensic scientists and other security personnel – does not compensate for talent in face recognition.</p> <p>This is consistent with recent research suggesting that our face identification abilities are largely predetermined by<span> </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/107/11/5238.long">genetics</a>.</p> <p><strong>Forensic facial examiners</strong></p> <p>This may come as disappointing news to people who hope to become a super-recogniser. But all is not lost.</p> <p>Scientists have recently discovered that some specialist groups of practitioners show very high levels of accuracy. Forensic facial examiners routinely compare images of faces to turn CCTV images into informative face identification evidence in criminal trials. Recent work shows that they too outperform novices in very<span> </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/115/24/6171">challenging tests</a>.</p> <p>Forensic facial examiners present a paradox for scientists. They perform face identification tasks with a high degree of accuracy, and this ability appears to be acquired through professional experience and training.</p> <p><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211037">Our study</a><span> </span>suggests there is no benefit of face identification training courses when tested immediately before and after.</p> <p>In addition,<span> </span><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103510">previous work</a><span> </span>has suggested that merely performing face-matching tasks in daily work is not sufficient to improve accuracy. Some passport officers have been working for 20 years and perform no better than others who have been working for just a few months.</p> <p>This paradox suggests there is something particular about the type of training and professional experience that forensic facial examiners receive that enables them to develop visual expertise in identifying faces, and which isn’t provided by standard training courses.</p> <p><strong>How do they do it?</strong></p> <p>In our current research we are working closely with government agencies to uncover the basis of forensic facial examiners’ expertise. For example, we now know that part of their expertise comes from using a very particular<span> </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28045276">comparison strategy</a>, where they break the face down into individual facial features and then slowly and systematically assess the similarity of each feature in turn.</p> <p>Interestingly, the nature of this expertise appears to be qualitatively different to that of super-recognisers – Yenny recognised her old classmate using a quick, intuitive process as she glanced in the rear-view mirror.</p> <p>However, these snap judgements made by super-recognisers may not be suitable for the type of identification evidence that forensic facial examiners give in court, where a careful analysis of facial images is necessary to support identification decisions. Importantly, forensic facial examiners provide detailed reports of the observations used to support their decisions, which can then be cross-examined in court.</p> <p><strong>Trainable vs hardwired</strong></p> <p>Super-recognisers and forensic facial examiners use distinct routes to high performance in face identification.</p> <p>Effective training appears to target the slower, deliberate and analytical visual processing that characterises forensic facial examiners.</p> <p>The faster and more intuitive skill that enabled Yenny to recognise faces of relative strangers in her rear-view mirror is likely to be untrainable, and hard-wired.</p> <p>This raises the question of how to balance these different sources of expertise. It may be that super-recognisers are best suited to surveillance-type roles, such as monitoring CCTV or searching for targets in large crowds.</p> <p>Forensic facial examiners may be better suited to providing identification evidence to the court, which requires thorough explanations of how and why the expert came to their decision.</p> <p>Alternatively, it may be possible to train super-recognisers in the expert skills characterising forensic facial examination, or to form teams that include both types of expert.</p> <p>The aim of our work is to integrate these sources of human expertise with the latest face recognition software to improve the accuracy of face identification evidence. Such a system can make society safer, but also fairer, by reducing the likelihood of wrongful convictions.</p> <p>Can you beat Yenny’s high score of 88% on the super-recogniser test? Find out<span> </span><a href="https://facetest.psy.unsw.edu.au/">here</a>.</p> <p><em>Written by Alice Towler and David White. Republished with permission from <a href="https://theconversation.com/super-recognisers-accurately-pick-out-a-face-in-a-crowd-but-can-this-skill-be-taught-112003">The Conversation.</a></em></p>

Technology

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How DIY skills will save you money in retirement

<p>Patrick Harris is a dab hand at home DIY.</p> <p>But the man steers clear of house cleaning duties, instead opting to pay someone to come in once a fortnight to tidy up. </p> <p>"It's a bit of a luxury," Harris said.</p> <p>If things need repairing around the house Harris will give it a go. He recently replaced some weather boards on his house and strengthened the foundations.</p> <p>It saved him a small fortune.</p> <p>He attempted to replace the guttering but the job proved too difficult so he paid someone to fix it.</p> <p>"It was something a bit too specialised for me."</p> <p>When his vacuum cleaner stopped working he found a video on Youtube showing how to pull the machine apart and replace the motor.</p> <p>"I was certainly motivated to do it."</p> <p>But when it turned out a new motor would cost a few hundred dollars he decided to bite the bullet and buy a new one.</p> <p>Harris' roll-up-your-sleeves and do it yourself attitude is typical of men his age.</p> <p>Harris said his generation grew up tinkering in their dad's sheds, mucking around with tools, timber and machinery.</p> <p>It's this upbringing that helped people his age develop hands-on skills that will serve them well in retirement.</p> <p>If the lawn mower breaks - they fix it. If the house needs a paint - they pick up a paint brush.</p> <p>AMP managing director Blair Vernon said as the cost of labour increased DIY skills would become increasingly valuable in retirement.</p> <p>Those who did not have the skills to do things themselves and needed to pay for services would fare worst in retirement, he said.</p> <p>Younger New Zealanders were falling behind when it came to learning practical skills, he said.</p> <p>Not only that, they were paying for services which did not require much skills such as cleaning and lawn mowing.</p> <p>"If you don't acquire those skills then you are exposed to purchasing those services and they're quite expensive," Vernon said.</p> <p>There was nothing wrong with that when you're young and could afford it, he said.</p> <p>But when those people hit retirement there was a good chance they would need to alter their lifestyle and cut out luxury expenses.</p> <p>While that sounded easy in principle, changing was no easy feat, he said.</p> <p>"That feels like a radical altering of your lifestyle."</p> <p>He recommended people made changes early on.</p> <p>Not only that but they needed to get a handle on what their money was going towards.</p> <p>"It's really surprising how many people aren't broadly across the amount of money they're spending."</p> <p>Acquiring DIY skills is easier said than done. Traditionally, skills were handed down from father to son, but younger people lacking that parental guidance wanting to build up theirs can do courses, workshops at their local hardware stores, tap into the wisdom of Youtube videos, or join a DIY club.</p> <p>Harris is a trustee of the Auckland Central Community Shed (ACCS) - a non-profit community facility where people can pay an annual fee to use tools and pick up skills from some of the more experienced members.</p> <p>But its primary role was a place for people to socialise and make friends, Harris said.</p> <p>Many of the young people who joined lacked even the most basic skills, he said.</p> <p>"They pretty much need hands on teaching."</p> <p>Younger people maybe lacked the skills of older generations because they were more focused on technology and computers rather than "mucking around with bits of wood and making go carts", Harris said.</p> <p>Those who did come into the ACCS to learn new skills were doing it to create rather than save money, he said.</p> <p>"It's just the joy of making something."</p> <p>Have you used DIY skills in retirement?</p> <p><em>Written by John Anthony. Republished with permission of <a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Stuff.co.nz</span></strong></a>.</em></p>

Money & Banking

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Test yourself: How good are your people skills?

<p><em><strong>Susan Krauss Whitbourne is a professor of Psychology and Brain Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She writes the Fulfilment at Any Age blog for Psychology Today.</strong></em></p> <p>You may think of yourself as a “people person,” because you get pretty good vibes from those with whom you interact. Or, at least, you think you do. What do people actually say about you when you’re not around, though? Are there obvious signs that you’re ignoring? Even if you don't think of yourself as a "people person," perhaps you feel that you’re valued within your own social circle of family, friends, neighbours, and co-workers. They understand that you’re not exactly an extrovert, but they still like you, right?</p> <p>Psychology translates the loose expression "people skills" into a somewhat more quantifiable construct — namely, <strong>emotional intelligence</strong>, or EQ. Having been deemed <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201710/why-the-emotionally-intelligent-may-earn-more-money" target="_blank">more important to success in life</a></strong></span> than academic intelligence or “book smarts,” EQ is now being incorporated into research on management style. Marist College’s David J. Gavin and colleagues (2017) investigated how EQ helps workers overcome the detrimental impact of a hostile work environment, and in the process, they laid the groundwork for asking yourself how well you stack up.</p> <p>Gavin and his collaborators set out to evaluate the role of EQ in overcoming the impact of “subversive leadership” on the mental and physical health of workers within an organization. The subversive leader, they note, plants seeds of doubt among subordinates regarding the competence of the top executive, perhaps going further to spread rumours about supposed cuts or layoffs that the CEO is planning to make. Needless to say, this <em>social undermining</em>, as it is referred to more generally, can lead workers to experience high levels of stress as they worry about their own future. CEOs, at the same time, can also experience high stress levels as they watch their authority erode, along with the declining confidence in their abilities among their employees.</p> <p>In the Gavin et al. study, undergraduate business majors, some of whom were already employed, read scenarios depicting subversive behaviour by a second-in-command. They then completed questionnaire measures of trust and the satisfaction and loyalty they would have to their jobs in this situation. Additionally, they completed a general EQ questionnaire. As the authors predicted, people reading those subversive scenarios indeed felt they would have lower job satisfaction and a higher intent to leave if exposed to these situations in real life.</p> <p>The impact of subversive leadership appeared primarily to be due to loss of trust in the hypothetical boss. However, for people higher in emotional intelligence, that dip in trust caused by subversive leaders had far less impact on how connected they would feel toward the job. As the authors concluded, “Employees with higher emotional intelligence levels are better at positive moods, creativity, information-processing, and problem solving." In other words, if you’re better at understanding and managing your emotions, you’ll be better able to cope in a hostile interpersonal situation.</p> <p>CEOs, as the Marist authors observed, are also harmed when their immediate subordinates plot against them. As an antidote, Gavin and his collaborators recommend that leaders engage in “compassionate coaching,” in which they assist employees with “dream achievement, personal change, and aspirations." This approach builds trust directly with lower levels of subordinates and thus serves as a buffer against any encroachment that a VP might attempt to make on the leader’s standing in the organization.</p> <p>Returning now to the question of people skills, the Gavin et al. study suggests that being sensitive to the needs of others, helping to support them, knowing how to cope in an uncomfortable environment, and avoiding the trap of undercutting people in charge are all part of maintaining a healthy day-to-day existence. With this as a background, let’s see how your own people skills stack up.</p> <p><strong>1. Are you able to tap into your own emotions when things bother you?</strong></p> <p>EQ involves being able to read yourself as well as other people. If you’re in touch with your inner feelings, even if they aren’t particularly pleasant, you’ll be in a better mood and therefore be a more pleasant companion.</p> <p><strong>2. Do you knowingly, or unknowingly, try to outdo the people attempting to lead you through a situation?</strong></p> <p>The act of subversive leadership makes everyone around you feel stressed, especially when you’re in a position of authority yourself.</p> <p><strong>3. Are you supportive of other people’s needs to be successful?</strong></p> <p>Others will be far less likely to trust you, as proposed by Gavin et al., when you don’t reach out to encourage them to dream. You may think you’re being funny when you tease people for trying to accomplish something. However, those jokes come at a cost of allowing people to create doubts about your sincerity.</p> <p><strong>4. Do people tend to leave soon after you enter a situation?</strong></p> <p>Having good people skills means that you’re desirable to be with, as you make other people feel positively about themselves. No one wants to be around someone who’s always got a negative take on things (a.k.a. a "Debbie Downer"). If it appears that the people you talk to are eager to move on, this means that you’re not being a positively reinforcing conversation partner.</p> <p><strong>5. Are you always thinking about what jokes to make instead of really listening to others?</strong></p> <p>Being high in EQ means being high in empathy, a skill that requires paying attention to subtle cues that other people emit. If you’re constantly dreaming up your next comeback, witty observation, or snappy retort, not only do you run the risk of being undercutting, but also of failing to attend to signals that your humour is not appreciated.</p> <p><strong>6. Are you the only one who laughs at your jokes?</strong></p> <p>People who are genuinely funny actually tend not to laugh at themselves. The most successful comedians are humorous because they either engage in a fair degree of self-deprecation (and thus don’t laugh at what they say) or because they take seriously whatever predicament they might create by their antics. If you want to be seen as socially skilled, try laughing at the jokes of others instead of your own.</p> <p><strong>7. Do you get invited to social gatherings?</strong></p> <p>This might seem to be the most obvious clue to your people skills, but it follows from the above six. If you’re seen as supportive, socially sensitive, empathic, and fun to be with, you’ll be the first on everyone’s list for both casual chats and, ultimately, long-term relationships. Be honest with yourself and take stock of how often you’re included. If you find your dance card emptier than you’d like, this would be a good time to review the questions above.</p> <p>As the Marist study shows, good relationships are an essential aspect of reducing people’s stress levels, whether they’re leaders or followers. If you take stock of where you do or do not succeed in your own people skills, fulfillment in relationships will be that much more attainable.</p> <p><em>Written by Susan Krauss Whitbourne. Republished with permission of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Psychology Today</span></strong></a>. </em></p>

Relationships

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The 8 life skills every child should learn

<p>The world is a starkly different place today than it was when you were born, so naturally, today’s kids have a starkly different childhood to the one you experienced and are often raised with different values.</p> <p>A couple of months ago, we asked you, the Over60 community, to share the one life skill they believe every child should learn, and you certainly delivered! Here, we take a look at eight of the best responses.</p> <p><strong>1. The three “R”s</strong></p> <p>“How about reading writing and arithmetic – how many employers have stated that prospective employees cannot spell? And who has been in a shop and bought something for, let’s say, $15.40 and you give the checkout person $20.40 and then watch the look on their faces as they try to figure out what to do. It is heart breaking.” – Derek Herbert.</p> <p><strong>2. C.R.I.M.E.</strong></p> <p>“I always believed it was a CRIME if children were not raised with C. Compassion, R. Respect, I. Integrity, M. Manners, E. Empathy.” – Joan Kindelan.</p> <p><strong>3. Remembering names</strong></p> <p>“Being able to readily remember people’s names. Liberace could remember people’s names, their partner’s names and the names of their kids, even months after he last spoke to the person.” – Bryan Silvester.</p> <p><strong>4. Cooking</strong></p> <p>“Children will never remember your furniture no matter the cost, but will always remember the beautiful aromas of a roast, a cake, cupcakes spaghetti... and how proud they were baking.” – Annie Leicester.</p> <p><strong>5. Kindness</strong></p> <p>“Respect and love for their fellow human being. All is nothing without that.” – Helen Payne.</p> <p><strong>6. Community</strong></p> <p>“How to mix with others, how to respect others, how to write and understand their native language.” – Michael David Mason.</p> <p><strong>7. Helping others</strong></p> <p>“Volunteering – either in childcare or aged care – helps build character and prepares them for parenthood, as well as helping them understand the older generation and bridge the age divide.” – Muriel Mueslie Bic.</p> <p><strong>8. Domestic skills</strong></p> <p>“Wash, iron, clean, cook, sew etc… I am a bit old fashioned, but I taught my daughter to do all the above.” – Sue Young.</p> <p>What life skill do you think every parent should teach their child? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below.</p>

Family & Pets

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The weird skill your grandchildren need to learn now

<p>When you get to a certain age, the only food you have difficulty opening is a jar of marmalade or perhaps a can of tuna. But when you’re just four years old, even a humble orange can leave you stumped, it seems.</p> <p>After primary schools began reporting that its students often struggled to open foods, a Brisbane child care centre decided to take action early, rolling out “independent eating” classes to three- and four-year-olds.</p> <p>“Parents pack lunches and kids rarely have any contact with zip locked bags, clingwrap or fruits that need to be peeled,” director of Timber Tots Child Care, Jana Walker, told the <a href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/this-orange-looks-good-but-i-cant-open-it/news-story/f0931117184e72b27556d42e04bfaf96" target="_blank"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Courier Mail</span></em></strong></a>. “When they get to school it can be very frustrating for them when they are left wrangling with their tub of yoghurt.”</p> <p>“Our classes will teach children how to make a sandwich and how to eat lunch on their laps without spills. We asked the local schools that our children will eventually attend how we could best prepare them. This was one of the areas. We want our children to be well prepared and confident about the school routine.”</p> <p>Experts are also advising parents and grandparents to avoid “overwrapping” children’s lunches. Accredited dietician Kate Di Prima told the newspaper, “Children have a small window of focus to eat their lunch as they are keen to play with their friends. My advice is to buy a bento-style lunch box with lots of compartments and avoid packaging entirely.”</p> <p>“Peel the oranges or put the sultanas into separate compartments. Zip lock bags are not necessary. Show the child how to open the lunch box and make sure they are competent before starting school.”</p> <p>Do you think these "independent eating" classes really necessary? Or should children be taught how to eat independently at home? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below. </p>

Relationships

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This skill can protect against dementia

<p>Learning another language has <a href="http://www.oversixty.com.au/lifestyle/education/2014/11/learning-another-language-will-keep-your-brain-in-tiptop-shape/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">many proven health benefits</span></strong></a>, but new research has identified another perk of bilingualism, and it’s got to be the best yet. The <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0911604416300124" target="_blank"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">University of Montreal study</span></strong></a> found that the ability to speak more than one language protects against dementia and other age-related conditions causing cognitive decline.</p> <p>In addition, bi- and multilinguals have the added benefit of improving brain power efficiency and being less prone to distraction. “After years of daily practice managing interference between two languages, bilinguals become experts at selecting relevant information and ignoring information that can distract from a task,” lead author Dr Ana Inés Ansaldo explained.</p> <p>For their study, researchers asked two groups of seniors (one group of monolinguals and one of bilinguals) to complete a task that involved blocking out distractions and “focusing on visual information while ignoring spatial information”. They found that the bilinguals used less brain power to complete the task, suggesting their brains are more efficient than those of us who can only speak one language.</p> <p>Fortunately, you don’t need to spend thousands on language courses or overseas trips to get started. Here are some affordable (if not free) ways you can learn a new language.</p> <p><strong>1. Online</strong> – There’s hundreds of websites and apps offering language courses for free (or for a small fee). <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.duolingo.com/" target="_blank"><strong>Duolingo</strong></a></span> is one of the most popular apps available for Apple and Android devices, offering 22 languages for free. The <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/" target="_blank"><strong>BBC’s Languages site</strong></a></span> and <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://translate.google.com.au/" target="_blank"><strong>Google Translate</strong></a></span> are also wonderful free resources.</p> <p><strong>2. In person</strong> – The University of the Third Age (U3A) has branches all across the country, offering a variety of language courses (and many other subjects) for a small annual fee. Alliance Française and similar organisations also offer affordable, comprehensive classes.</p> <p><strong>3. Solo</strong> – Prefer to do it yourself without needing the internet? There’s a reason why the old-fashioned methods of reading and writing and grammar books are still used today – because they work. <a href="http://www.oversixty.com.au/entertainment/books/2016/12/5-books-to-learn-another-language/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="text-decoration-line: underline;">Click here</span></strong></span></a> to see our picks for the best language learning books.</p> <p><strong>4. Culture</strong> – If you’ve learned a language previously only to find yourself a bit rusty these days, grab some books, movies, TV shows and music in the language you need to refresh. You’ll be surprised at how much you probably remember.</p> <p>Are you bilingual? What other language do you speak? Let us know in the comment section below.</p>

Caring

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5 skills you need to be a great aged care worker

<p>Looking for a career change? Have you thought about becoming an aged care worker? There is a growing need for aged care workers in Australia which means it is a safe and reliable career choice for the next decade and beyond. In fact, according to McCrindle research, “If we are to keep the current ratio of aged care workers to people aged over 85 in our nation, we need to add 77,976 workers in the next 10 years, which equates to recruiting 650 new workers per month AND not to mention replacing the 668 staff who are going to retire every month.”</p> <p>Through recruiting care workers for the Careseekers platform we have come to understand that care workers can have a variety of experience, qualifications and skills. An Aged Care Certificate gives you some basic skills necessary for the job however there are some life skills you would have obtained that would make you an excellent aged care worker and you may not even realise it.</p> <p><strong>1. Real world caring experience</strong></p> <p>If you are new to the sector and are struggling to get jobs due to the fact you have no experience, you need to re look at your life experience. Do you have children? Then you have probably had more caring hours than you are realizing. This is one of those careers where you need to shout out loud about all the hours you spent at home with the kids. Your learning from these years is invaluable and quite hard to “unlearn.”</p> <p><strong>2. A great multitasker</strong></p> <p>Each job will be different, in fact every hour in every day may be different. You could go from helping someone get ready for the day, to driving them to a doctor’s appointment, to doing some physical exercise with them. The better you are at jumping from one task to the next, the better you will be in your role as an aged care worker.</p> <p><strong>3. Being able to have a good old fashioned chat</strong></p> <p>If you are tasked with the job of preparing dinner for a frail elderly person it will be 50 per cent meal prep and probably 50 per cent chatting. An aged care worker provides so much more than just domestic assistance or personal care. They can often be the only contact an elderly person has all day. Often the family relies on the care worker as they are a companion to their parent when they just cannot be there. So, all those hours you have spent chatting to friends really can come in handy when being an aged care worker.</p> <p><strong>4. A good listener</strong></p> <p>Following on from the last point, being able to listen to the needs of the person you are caring for makes a huge difference to the way you deliver care. Their grumpy behaviour might be due to them not feeling 100 per cent or being worried about something. Listening to what they are saying and worrying about may give you some clues about how they are feeling and why they are acting in a certain way.</p> <p><strong>5. Respect for the elderly</strong></p> <p>Although this seems obvious some people have an innate respect for elderly people and always have. They see them for who they are and what they have achieved in their long life. Having this understanding about the elderly in our society will not only make you a fantastic aged care worker but it will mean you find the role rewarding and uplifting.</p> <p>So go on, start the journey of becoming an aged care worker today. There is a real need and you probably have many of the skills that you simply cannot learn in a classroom. To see the variety of care workers we have on the Careseekers platform visit, <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.careseekers.com.au/">www.careseekers.com.au</a></strong></span>.</p> <p>Are you, or have you been, an aged care worker? Share your experience with us in the comments below.  </p>

Caring

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Show off your photography skills and win a cruise

<p>Do you consider yourself a natural behind the lens? Well, get that camera out and head into Circular Quay – you could win yourself a cruise. To celebrate two of the world’s most famous ships coming together in Sydney Harbour, Cunard is giving away a two-night cruise for two from Melbourne to Sydney in a balcony stateroom on February 22, 2018 – along with $600 towards flights. And all you need to do to go into the running is snap a photo!</p> <p>The Queen Mary 2 and the Queen Elizabeth will sail into Sydney early, with Mary moored at Circular Quay and Elizabeth anchored at Athol Buoy, near Taronga Zoo. The “Royal Rendezvous” marks the 10th anniversary of Queen Mary 2’s first ever visit to Sydney.</p> <p>The person who captures the best photo of either or both of the imposing ships will win the prize, but rest assured – you don’t need professional equipment to have the best chance. While photographs from any vantage point will be eligible, competitors who visit the harbour this weekend are advised to take their snap from East Circular Quay between 10am and 4pm on Saturday for the best possible shot.</p> <p>Once you’re happy with your photo, upload it to Instagram or Twitter using the hashtag #CunardinSydney and cross your fingers! Entries close at midnight on Sunday and the winner will be notified on March 2. For terms and conditions, <a href="http://www.cunardline.com.au/cunardinsydney" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>click here</strong></span></a>. Good luck!</p> <p><em>Image: James Morgan/ABC</em></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="/news/news/2017/02/grand-hackett-breaks-silence-after-arrest/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Grant Hackett breaks silence after dramatic arrest</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="/news/news/2017/02/giraffe-sets-sail-from-nz-to-sydney/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Giraffe sets sail from NZ to Sydney</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="/news/news/2017/02/qantas-introduces-dimmable-windows/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Qantas getting rid of window shutters</strong></em></span></a></p>

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